MSF EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts;
closely tied to anatomy - Answers-physiology
Most basic level of organization - Answers-atoms
Regions of the earth occupied by living organisms - Answers-biosphere
What 4 systems exchange materials between external and internal environment?
What remaining 4 systems extend throughout the body? - Answers-respiratory, GI,
renal, reproductive
CV, nervous, endocrine, immune
Musculoskeletal system provides _______ - Answers-support for body movement
Integumentary systems forms ________, and separates body's _________ environment
from _______ - Answers-protective boundary, internal, external
4 themes in physiology - Answers-structure and function across all levels of
organization, energy transfer, storage and use, information flow, and use within single
organisms and within a species of organisms, homeostasis
Structure and function across all levels of organization suggests that - Answers-
structure and function are closely related, molecular interactions (change in shape may
affect function), compartmentation (allow a cell, tissue, or organ to specialize and isolate
functions)
Energy transfer, storage, and use - living organisms need what to survive - Answers-
energy for growth, reproduction, movement, homeostasis
Information flow, storage, and use within single organisms and within a species of
organisms - flow of ________ within the body of a ________, transfer of ________
stored in ______ from generation to generation - Answers-information, single organism,
information, DNA (genetics)
Homeostasis and the control systems that maintain it - Answers-maintains internal
stability, internal environment must be kept relatively stable
Homeostasis is the ________ of the body's internal environment
It is maintained within a range of ______ rather than a fixed value
,Failure can be _______ or _______
Allows _______ which enables the body to return to normal levels (if successful /
unsuccessful) - Answers-regulation
Values rather than a fixed value
Internal: abnormal growth of cells (cancer), production of antibodies by the body against
its own tissues (autoimmune disease)
External: toxin, physical trauma, foreign invaders (bacteria or virus)
Compensation; if successful homeostasis is returned, if unsuccessful illness or disease
may result
Negative feedback is a pathway in which the response ______ or _______
Stabilizes the _______, and aids the system in maintaining _______
Negative feedback loops can restore the _______ but cannot _______ - Answers-
opposes, removes the signal
Regulated variable, homeostasis
Normal state, prevent the initial disturbance
Positive feedback response ________ the stimulus rather than ________
Response sends ________ even further from its normal values
Sends the system temporarily _______
Requires some _______ or event outside the loop to _______ the response
Examples - Answers-reinforces, decreasing/removing it
Regulated variable
Out of control
Intervention, stop
Breastfeeding / release of oxytocin, childbirth
More complex example of feedforward reflexes is response to ______ - Answers-
exercise
, The internal environment of a cell must be kept _______, because our cells are not very
tolerant of _______
For example, water loss must be balanced with _______ which can be depicted in
_______ which acts as a buffer zone between _______ and _______ - Answers-stable,
change in their surroundings
Water intake, extracellular fluid, cells (ICF) and external environment
Two basic patterns of control mechanisms - Answers-local and long-distance reflex
control
Human body monitors key functions such as ________ and ________
Regulated variables are kept within their normal range by ________ - Answers-blood
pressure, blood glucose concentration
Physiological control mechanisms (local and long-distance reflex controls)
Local control and examples - Answers-restricted to a tissue or cell involved, relatively
isolated change occurs in a tissue, nearby cell or group of cells senses the change in
their immediate vicinity and responds (usually by releasing a chemical), response is
restricted to the region where the change took place
Blood clotting, blood flow regulation
Long-distance control (reflex) and examples - Answers-widespread (systemic) changes
require more complex control systems
Maintaining blood pressure throughout the body
Long-distance control contains what 2 loops - Answers-response loop and feedback
loop
Response loop is only the _______ part of the reflex loop - Answers-first
Response loop is simply the response due to the change in homeostasis
For most reflexes, feedback loops are _______
In physiological systems, some sensors are ______ - Answers-homeostatic
More sensitive than others
The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts;
closely tied to anatomy - Answers-physiology
Most basic level of organization - Answers-atoms
Regions of the earth occupied by living organisms - Answers-biosphere
What 4 systems exchange materials between external and internal environment?
What remaining 4 systems extend throughout the body? - Answers-respiratory, GI,
renal, reproductive
CV, nervous, endocrine, immune
Musculoskeletal system provides _______ - Answers-support for body movement
Integumentary systems forms ________, and separates body's _________ environment
from _______ - Answers-protective boundary, internal, external
4 themes in physiology - Answers-structure and function across all levels of
organization, energy transfer, storage and use, information flow, and use within single
organisms and within a species of organisms, homeostasis
Structure and function across all levels of organization suggests that - Answers-
structure and function are closely related, molecular interactions (change in shape may
affect function), compartmentation (allow a cell, tissue, or organ to specialize and isolate
functions)
Energy transfer, storage, and use - living organisms need what to survive - Answers-
energy for growth, reproduction, movement, homeostasis
Information flow, storage, and use within single organisms and within a species of
organisms - flow of ________ within the body of a ________, transfer of ________
stored in ______ from generation to generation - Answers-information, single organism,
information, DNA (genetics)
Homeostasis and the control systems that maintain it - Answers-maintains internal
stability, internal environment must be kept relatively stable
Homeostasis is the ________ of the body's internal environment
It is maintained within a range of ______ rather than a fixed value
,Failure can be _______ or _______
Allows _______ which enables the body to return to normal levels (if successful /
unsuccessful) - Answers-regulation
Values rather than a fixed value
Internal: abnormal growth of cells (cancer), production of antibodies by the body against
its own tissues (autoimmune disease)
External: toxin, physical trauma, foreign invaders (bacteria or virus)
Compensation; if successful homeostasis is returned, if unsuccessful illness or disease
may result
Negative feedback is a pathway in which the response ______ or _______
Stabilizes the _______, and aids the system in maintaining _______
Negative feedback loops can restore the _______ but cannot _______ - Answers-
opposes, removes the signal
Regulated variable, homeostasis
Normal state, prevent the initial disturbance
Positive feedback response ________ the stimulus rather than ________
Response sends ________ even further from its normal values
Sends the system temporarily _______
Requires some _______ or event outside the loop to _______ the response
Examples - Answers-reinforces, decreasing/removing it
Regulated variable
Out of control
Intervention, stop
Breastfeeding / release of oxytocin, childbirth
More complex example of feedforward reflexes is response to ______ - Answers-
exercise
, The internal environment of a cell must be kept _______, because our cells are not very
tolerant of _______
For example, water loss must be balanced with _______ which can be depicted in
_______ which acts as a buffer zone between _______ and _______ - Answers-stable,
change in their surroundings
Water intake, extracellular fluid, cells (ICF) and external environment
Two basic patterns of control mechanisms - Answers-local and long-distance reflex
control
Human body monitors key functions such as ________ and ________
Regulated variables are kept within their normal range by ________ - Answers-blood
pressure, blood glucose concentration
Physiological control mechanisms (local and long-distance reflex controls)
Local control and examples - Answers-restricted to a tissue or cell involved, relatively
isolated change occurs in a tissue, nearby cell or group of cells senses the change in
their immediate vicinity and responds (usually by releasing a chemical), response is
restricted to the region where the change took place
Blood clotting, blood flow regulation
Long-distance control (reflex) and examples - Answers-widespread (systemic) changes
require more complex control systems
Maintaining blood pressure throughout the body
Long-distance control contains what 2 loops - Answers-response loop and feedback
loop
Response loop is only the _______ part of the reflex loop - Answers-first
Response loop is simply the response due to the change in homeostasis
For most reflexes, feedback loops are _______
In physiological systems, some sensors are ______ - Answers-homeostatic
More sensitive than others
