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A&P II Lecture (BIOL 2302) Exam 3 Review Questions And Complete Solutions. $10.29
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A&P II Lecture (BIOL 2302) Exam 3 Review Questions And Complete Solutions.
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Lymphatic System - Answer a one-way return system of interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to blood via lymphatic vessels Lymphatic Capillaries - Answer -Blind-ended vessels that weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries -Similar to blood capillaries, but more permeabl...

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  • October 12, 2024
  • 48
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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A&P II Lecture (BIOL 2302) Exam 3
Review Questions And Complete
Solutions.
Lymphatic System - Answer a one-way return system of interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins
back to blood via lymphatic vessels



Lymphatic Capillaries - Answer -Blind-ended vessels that weave between tissue cells and blood
capillaries

-Similar to blood capillaries, but more permeable

-Can take up larger molecules and particles that blood capillaries cannot



What are the specialized structures that increase the permeability of lymphatic capillaries? - Answer -
Endothelial cells: overlap loosely to form one-way minivalves

-Minivalves: anchored by collagen filaments to matrix, so increases in ECF volume opens minivalves even
more



Lacteals - Answer -specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa

-Absorb digested fat and deliver fatty lymph to the blood



How do larger lymphatic vessels vary from blood vessels? - Answer -Have thinner walls

-have more internal valves

-Anastomose more frequently



Lymphatic Trunks - Answer -are formed by union of largest collecting vessels

-drain large areas of body



Right Lymphatic Duct - Answer drains right upper arm and the right side of the head and neck

,Thoracic Duct - Answer drains the whole body besides what is drained by the right lymphatic duct



Lymphangitis - Answer -condition in which lymphatic vessels appear as painful red lines under the skin

-Caused by inflammation of larger lymphatic vessels that contain vaso vasora



How is lymph propelled through the lymphatic vessels? - Answer -Milking action of skeletal muscle

-Pressure changes in thorax during breathing

-Valves to prevent backflow

-Pulsations of nearby arteries

-Contractions of smooth muscle in walls of lymphatics



Lymphedema - Answer -severe localized edema

-Caused by anything that prevents normal return of lymph to blood



What do lymphoid cells consist of? - Answer -immune system cells found in lymphoid tissue and

-supporting cells that form lymphoid tissue structures



Lymphocytes - Answer -cells of the adaptive immune system

-they protect against antigens

-mature into one of two main types: T cells or B cells



T Cells - Answer -manage immune response, and some also attack and destroy infected cells

-originate in bone marrow, mature in thymus



B Cells - Answer -produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies

-originate and mature in bone marrow



Macrophages - Answer -type of antigen-presenting cell

,-phagocytize foreign substances, help activate T cells, trigger inflammatory responses, and recruit
additional defenses

-widely distributed in connective tissues and lymphoid organs

-develop from monocytes

-biggest phagocyte



Dendritic Cells - Answer -type of antigen-presenting cell

-capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes and help activate T cells

-Found in connective tissues and epidermis

-Most effective antigen presenter known

-Key link between innate and adaptive immunity



Reticular Cells - Answer produce reticular fibers called stroma in lymphoid organs



Stroma - Answer network-like support that acts as scaffolding for immune cells



What are the main functions of lymphoid tissue? - Answer -Houses and provides proliferation sites for
lymphocytes

-Offers surveillance vantage points for lymphocytes and macrophages as they filter through lymph



What kind of tissue is lymphoid tissue composed of? - Answer reticular connective tissue



Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue - Answer -loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers

-found in virtually every body organ



Lymphoid Follicles - Answer -solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and
reticular fibers

-Contain germinal centers of proliferating B cells

-May form part of larger lymphoid organs

-found in isolated aggregations of Peyer's patches and in appendix

, Primary Lymphoid Organs - Answer -areas where T and B cells mature

-includes red bone marrow and thymus



Secondary Lymphoid Organs - Answer areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigen
and become activated



Lymph Nodes - Answer - principal secondary lymphoid organs of body

-found all over the body, but are concentrated in the axillary, cervical, and inguinal regions



What are the functions of the lymph nodes? - Answer -cleansing/filtering of lymph

-activation of the immune system



Cortex of the Lymph Nodes - Answer -Superficial area of cortex contains follicles with germinal centers
that are heavy with dividing B cells

-Deep cortex houses T cells in transit

-Abundant numbers of dendritic cells are closely associated with both T and B cells



Medulla of the Lymph Nodes - Answer Medullary cords extend inward from cortex and contain B cells,
T cells, and plasma cells



Lymph Sinuses - Answer -Consist of large lymphatic capillaries spanned by crisscrossing reticular fibers

-Macrophages reside on fibers, checking for and phagocytizing any foreign matter



What is the path of circulation through lymph nodes? - Answer -enters convex side at afferent
lymphatic vessels

-subscapular sinus

-medullary sinus

-exits hilum via efferent lymphatic vessels

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