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NU 433 Immune Exam Questions And 100% Correct Answers
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NU 433 Immune Exam Questions And100% Correct Answers
Inflammation ANSWER not the same as infection; infection is just one type of offending
agent that can set off this response
-a localized reaction intended to neutralize, control or eliminate the offending agent to
prepare the site for repair
-nonspecific response that is meant to serve a protective function
Inflammatory response sequence ANSWER involves changes in the microcirculation,
including vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and leukocytic cellular
infiltration
Inflammatory response - ANSWER -vascular changes: The transient vasoconstriction
that occurs immediately after injury is succeeded by vasodilation and an increased rate
of blood flow through the microcirculation to the area of tissue damage. Local warmth
and redness result. Next, the structure of the microvascular system changes to
accommodate the movement of plasma protein from the blood into the tissues. After
increased vascular permeability, plasma fluids containing proteins and solutes leak into
the inflamed tissues, which results in the swelling of the tissues. Next, leukocytes
migrate through the endothelium and collect in the tissue at the site of injury. The
associated pain is due both to the pressure from fluids or swelling on nerve endings and
to the action of chemical mediators, such as bradykinin and prostaglandins, on nerve
endings at the site. One of the chemical mediators implicated in causing pain is
bradykinin. Loss of function most likely is related to the pain and swelling, but the exact
mechanism is not completely known.
cellular changes As blood flow increases and fluid leaks out into the tissues, the formed
elements-red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets-remain in the blood, which
becomes much more viscous. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, accumulate in the blood
vessels, move out of the vessels, and into the wound where they can engage in
phagocytosis, that is, ingesting offending organisms as well as cleaning up cellular
debris. Fibrinogen, an soluble protein in the leaked plasma fluid, clots into a fibrin to
form a clot to seal off the area to protect it from further injury and infection.
,Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function - ANSWER five cardinal signs of
inflammation -local effects
Histamine - ANSWER -chemical mediator
-found in many tissues of the body but concentrated in mast cells
-released upon injury and responsible for early changes in vasodilation and vascular
permeability
Kinins - ANSWER -chemical mediator
-produce vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
-also attract neutrophils to the area
-suspected of causing pain
Prostaglandins - ANSWER -chemical mediator
-another group of chemical substances also suspected of causing increased vascular
permeability
Systemic effects- ANSWER- fever
-leukocytosis
-malaise
-anorexia
-sepsis
Acute inflammation- ANSWER-characterized by the local vascular and exudative
changes
-usually lasts less than 2 weeks
-immediate and serves a protective function
-after causative agent is removed, ____subside and healing takes place with the return
of normal or near-normal structure and function
Chronic inflammation ANSWER develops if the injurious agent persists and the acute
, response is perpetuated symptoms are present for many months or years may begin
insidiously and never have acute phase does not serve a beneficial and protective
function; debilitating and can produce long-lasting effects as __ becomes _, changes
occur at site of injury, and nature of exudate becomes proliferative
-cycle of cellular infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis starts to occur; the process of repair
and destruction run simultaneously
-heavy scarring may result, hence permanent destruction of the tissue
Organ transplant - ANSWER another type of offending agent that may stimulate the
inflammatory response
Organ; tissue - ANSWER when an _ or __ is transferred to another person, this is
properly recognized by the recipient's body as foreign matter; hence, it elicits the
inflammatory response
Graft vs. host disease (GVH) - ANSWER -30-50% of patients post bone marrow
transplant as complication
-can occur at anytime post transplantation of bone marrow
-symptoms: blistering rash similar to burn injury, inflammation of entire GI tract with
diarrhea, biliary stasis
Organ rejection - ANSWER -is always anticipated and prepared for
-hyperacute: within 24 hrs
-acute: 3-14 days
-chronic: after many years
-symptoms tenderness at transplant site, fever, malaise, and dec in new organ's
function
-ex: with hyperacute renal __, the only tx is removal of kidney
-in other types of __, tx is immunosuppressive agents that stop immune response that is
attacking new _ or bone marrow
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