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SLCC 2420 Physiology FINAL Questions With Complete Solutions
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SLCC 2420 Physiology FINAL Questions With Complete Solutions Homeostasis and how it is maintained Negative feedback Negative feedback and positive feedback *Negative* = Main mechanism used to maintain homeostasis. Acts opposite of variable to return body to homeostasis. *Positive* = Respons...

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  • October 13, 2024
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SLCC 2420 Physiology FINAL Questions
With Complete Solutions

Homeostasis and how it is maintained Negative feedback




Negative feedback and positive feedback *Negative* = Main mechanism used to maintain

homeostasis.

Acts opposite of variable to return body to homeostasis.

*Positive* = Response in the same direction as change (Moves variable further away from

normal set point value)




Components of a feedback loop Sensors -> Integrating Center -> Effectors




CH. 2 Nonpolar and polar covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds *Nonpolar* =

Electronegativity of the atoms are equal

*Polar* = Pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms.

*Hydrogen* = A weak bond resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one

molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

*Ionic* = Complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. Generates 2 oppositely charged

ions. The metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal

accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion.

, SLCC 2420 Physiology FINAL Questions
With Complete Solutions

Which types of molecules are hydrophilic and which are hydrophobic Hydrophilic

=Carbohydrates, Polar & Ionic molecules

Hydrophobic = Lipids, Nonpolar molecules

Ampipathic = contains both Philic & Phobic properties




Acids, bases, buffers, and pH Acids - Release H+ when dissolved in water


Bases - Accept or remove H+

Buffers - Can both accept and donate hydrogen ions

- Absorb H+ if body fluid pH too acidic

- Release H+ if body fluid pH too basic

pH = -log [H+]




Characteristics and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids *Carbs*

- Polar, Hydrophilic / Energy source, part of cell membrane

*Lipids* - Nonpolar, Hydrophobic (sometimes ampipathic) / Composed primarily of hydrogen

and carbon atoms

, SLCC 2420 Physiology FINAL Questions
With Complete Solutions
*Proteins* - Polymers of amino acids with peptide bonds / Receptors, carrier proteins, enzymes,

hormones (ex. insulin,) contractile proteins (actin and myosin,) antibodies, structural proteins

*Nucleic Acids*- Polymers of nucleotides / DNA, RNA, Storage and expression of genetic

information




Cell structure: plasma membrane, nucleus, and organelles -Phospholipid bilayer,

selectively permeable, fluid mosaic model (moveable)

-Nucleus contains genetic information




Cell-to-cell adhesions: Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Desmosomes




Tight junctions - Impermeable barrier between epithelial cells lining lumens


- Solutes can only go through the cells but not around them




Gap junctions - Channels that allow cells to communicate or exchange nutrients


Ex. Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, bone, some neurons




Desmosomes - Keeps tissues from tearing apart when mechanically

, SLCC 2420 Physiology FINAL Questions
With Complete Solutions
stressed. (Like a spot weld)

- Found in skin, heart, uterus




CH. 3/21 Anabolic versus catabolic reactions Anabolic = Involves the production of larger

molecules from smaller reactants.

Catabolic = Involves breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones.




Endergonic versus exergonic reactions Endergonic = Requires energy


Exergonic = Releases energy




Types of chemical reactions: 1. Hydrolysis and condensation reactions


2. Phosphorylation and dephospho rylation reactions

3. Oxidation-reduction reactions




Hydrolysis and condensation reactions *Hydrolysis* - Water reacts with molecules,

breaking the bonds that link a molecule together.

*Condensation* - Reverse of Hydrolysis; Joining together two or more smaller molecules to

form a larger one.

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