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NR 509 Final Week 5 Abdomen And GU Questions And Answers 2024/2025 Update
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NR 509 Final Week 5 Abdomen And GU Questions And Answers 2024/2025 Update
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NR 509 Final Week 5 Abdomen AndGU Questions And Answers
2024/2025 Update
An overweight 26-year-old public servant presents to the Emergency Department with 12 hours of
intense abdominal pain, light-headedness, and a fainting episode that finally prompted her to seek
medical attention. She has a strong family history of gallstones and is concerned about this possibility.
She has not had any vomiting or diarrhea. She had a normal bowel movement this morning. Her β-
human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) is positive at triage. She reports that her last period was 10
weeks ago. Her vital signs at triage are pulse, 118; blood pressure, 86/68; respiratory rate, 20/min;
oxygen saturation, 99%; and temperature, 37.3ºC orally. The clinician performs an abdominal exam prior
to her pelvic exam and, on palpation of her abdomen, finds involuntary rigidity and rebound tenderness.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
a. Ruptured tubal (or ectopic) pregnancy
b. Acute cholecystitis
c. Ruptured appendix
d. Perf Answer: Good!
a. Ruptured tubal (or ectopic) pregnancy
Rationale: The constellation of abdominal pain, syncope, tachycardia, hypotension, positive β-hCG, and
findings suggestive of peritoneal inflammation/irritation strongly suggest a ruptured ectopic pregnancy
with significant intra-abdominal bleeding leading to peritoneal signs. This case is emergent and requires
immediate treatment of her hypotension and presumed blood loss as well as gynecological consult for
emergent surgery. Ruptured ectopic pregnancies can lead to life-threatening intra-abdominal bleeding.
Although acute cholecystitis, ruptured appendix, bowel wall perforation, and ruptured ovarian cyst are
all possibilities, the positive β-hCG testing and her unstable vital signs make ruptured ectopic pregnancy
more likely.
2. A 63-year-old janitor with a history of adenomatous colonic polyps presents for a well visit. Basic labs
are performed to screen for diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Electrolytes and liver enzymes were also
measured. His labs are all normal expect for moderate elevations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine
aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase as well as a mildly elevated total
,bilirubin. He presents for a follow-up appointment and the clinician performs an abdominal exam to
assess his liver. Which of the following findings would be most consistent with hepatomegaly?
a. Liver span of 11 cm at the midclavicular line
b. Liver span of 8 cm at the midsternal line
c. Dullness to percussion over a span of 11 cm at the midclavicular line
d. Dullness to percussion over a span of 8 cm at the midsternal line
e. Liver palpable 3 cm below the right costal margin, mid clavicular line, on expi Answer: e. Liver
palpable 3 cm below the right costal margin, mid clavicular line, on expiration
Rationale: The liver being palpable 3 cm below the right costal margin, midclavicular line, would be
considered normal on inspiration when the liver is pushed down into the abdominal cavity on
inspiration, but is abnormal on expiration.
Findings to support hepatomegaly would be more convincing if, by percussion, the liver span was >12
cm at the midclavicular line.
For patients with obstructive lung disease, air trapping in the lungs may displace the liver downwards
into the abdominal cavity.
The liver span and dullness to percussion refer to the same measurement. Measurements of 6-12 cm at
the mid-clavicular line and 4-8 cm at the midsternal line are considered normal.
3. A 63-year-old underweight administrative clerk with a 50-pack-year smoking history presents with a
several month history of recurrent epigastric abdominal discomfort. She feels fairly well otherwise and
denies any nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation. She reports that a first cousin died from a
ruptured aneurysm at age 68 years. Her vital signs are pulse, 86; blood pressure, 148/92; respiratory
rate, 16; oxygen saturation, 95%; and temperature, 36.2ºC. Her body mass index is 17.6. On exam, her
abdominal aorta is prominent, which is concerning for an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Which of
the following is her most significant risk factor for an AAA?
a. Female gender
b. History of smoking
c. Underweight
,d. Family history of ruptured aneurysm
e. Hypertension Answer: b. History of smoking
Rationale: History of smoking is her most significant risk factor for an AAA.
Male gender, not female gender, is considered as risk factor.
Underweight is not a risk factor for AAA. Family history of ruptured aneurysm is vague and could be a
cerebral aneurysm.
Further, her family history is in a first-degree cousin not a first-degree relative (biologic parents, siblings,
and children).
Hypertension could contribute to atherosclerosis, which is a risk factor. Further, a diagnosis of
hypertension is not based on one elevated blood pressure reading.
A 76-year-old retired man with a history of prostate cancer and hypertension has been screened
annually for colon cancer using high sensitivity fecal occult blood testing (FOBT). He presents for follow-
up of his hypertension, during which the clinician scans his chart to ensure he is up to date with his
preventive health care. He has a positive FOBT on one occasion at age 66 years and subsequently went
for a colonoscopy. Internal hemorrhoids and sigmoid diverticuli were found on colonoscopy. He has no
first-degree relatives with a history of colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyps. What are the U.S.
Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) screening recommendations for this patient?
a. Do not screen routinely
b. Continue annual FOBT screening until age 80 years
c. Continue annual FOBT screening until age 85 years
d. Repeat colonoscopy this year
e. Sigmoidoscopy every 5 years with FOBT every 3 years Answer: a. Do not screen routinely
, Rationale: The USPSTF recommends not screening routinely. For most adults ages 76-85 years, the gain
in life years is small compared to colonoscopy risks. It is advised to discuss individualized risks and
benefits with the patient.
Annual FOBT screening may continue until age 80-85 years if benefits to doing so outweigh risks for the
individual patient; however, screening should not be routinely continued. In general, a life expectancy
>7 years is necessary for screening to be potentially beneficial.
There is no indication to repeat a colonoscopy given the absence of any cancerous or precancerous
findings on his colonoscopy 10 years ago.
Sigmoidoscopy every 5 years with FOBT every 3 years is a valid screening option, but again screening is
not routinely recommended for patients age >75 years.
An otherwise healthy 31-year-old accountant presents to an outpatient clinic with a 3-year history of
recurrent crampy abdominal pain that lasts for about 1-2 weeks each episode and is associated with
onset of constipation. She describes infrequent, small hard stool that she finds very difficult to pass. She
has tried to increase dietary fiber and water intake, but usually this is not sufficient and she resorts to
over-the-counter laxatives, which she finds upset her stomach but do resolve the constipation.
Symptoms typically gradually resolve with bowel movements. Which of the following is the most likely
physiological mechanism for her constipation?
a. A large, firm fecal mass in the rectum
b. Decreased fecal bulk
c. Functional change in bowel movement
d. Spasm of the external sphincter
e. Impairment of autonomic innervations Answer: c. Functional change in bowel movement
Rationale: Functional change in bowel movement is characteristic of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS
is characterized by three patterns: diarrhea predominant, constipation-predominant, or mixed. Other
functional causes for her constipation should be excluded prior to making this diagnosis.
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