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BIO 270 Exam 4 (final) – Hynd- Questions and Answers
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BIO 270 Exam 4 (final) – Hynd- Questions and Answers
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BIO 270 Exam 4 (final) – Hynd- Questions and Answerslipophilic hormones Correct Ans-highly soluble in lipids
types of lipophilic hormones Correct Ans-thyroid hormone (derived from tyrosine), steroid
hormones (derived from cholesterol)
processing of peptide hormones Correct Ans-1. preprohormones are synthesized from rER
and migrate to Golgi in membrane bound vesicles
2. while in ER and golgi, preprohormones are processed into prohormones followed by active
hormones
3. golgi packages and labels hormones into secretory vesicles that are stored in cytoplasm
until appropriate signal
4. upon signal, vesicle membrane fuses with plasma membrane and peptide hormone is
exocytosed
peptide hormones are synthesized by endocrine as..... Correct Ans-any protein that is
destined for export from the cell
processing of steroid hormones Correct Ans-1) Cholesterol is the precursor for all
steroid hormones
2) Enzymatic reactions modify the side groups on cholesterol
(Specific enzymes are localized to
particular steroidogenic organs/glands)
, BIO 270 Exam 4 (final) – Hynd- Questions and Answers
3) Once formed, steroids immediately diffuse through plasma membrane to reach blood
- (Only cholesterol is stored in significant quantities)
4) Following secretion, some steroid hormones, and thyroid hormone, are changed into more
potent or different hormones
peptide hormones dissolve in .... Correct Ans-blood
how are steroid/thyroid hormones transported? Correct Ans-cannot dissolve in blood,
bind to plasma proteins
some plasma proteins only carry _____ lipophilic hormones, while others (albumin) pick up
____ hormone Correct Ans-specific, any
transport of catecholamines Correct Ans-50% circulate as free hormones, 50% bind to
albumin
only (bound/unbound) hormones are active and capable of binding with target cell receptors,
why? Correct Ans-unbound - ensures large reserve pool to replenish "free" pool
to induce a response, hormones must bind to.... Correct Ans-receptors associated with
their target cell
, BIO 270 Exam 4 (final) – Hynd- Questions and Answers
hormone receptor Correct Ans-protein that recognizes and binds to a specific hormone,
can be on the plasma membrane or inside the cell
target cell Correct Ans-have receptors for hormone, will change cellular process when
hormone binds
peptides and catecholamines bind with receptors on the target cells.... Correct Ans-outer
plasma membrane surface - cannot pass through lipid membrane
steroid and thyroid hormones bind to target cells... Correct Ans-intracellular receptors -
easily penetrate lipid membrane of target cell
hormone functions on target cell by altering the cells proteins in one of two ways....
Correct Ans-1. hydrophilic hormones activate second messenger pathways to alter the
activity of preexisting intracellular proteins (usually enzymes)
2. lipophilic hormones directly activate gene expression in the target cell forming new
proteins
hormones' effects are proportional to their _____ concentration in the plasma Correct
Ans-free
plasma concentration is under ______ control Correct Ans-homeostatic
, BIO 270 Exam 4 (final) – Hynd- Questions and Answers
plasma concentration of free (active) hormones depends on what four things? Correct
Ans-1. rate of secretion into the blood
2. rate of metabolic activation/conversion
3. binding to plasma proteins (lipophilic hormones only)
4. rate of removal by inactivation and excretion in urine
endocrine glands secrete hormones according to what needs? Correct Ans-homeostatic
negative-feedback control Correct Ans-output reverses the change in input to maintain
variable near setpoint (ensures that hormone levels don't continue to rise)
endocrine disorders that result from hormone excess or deficiency or decreased target-cell
responsiveness Correct Ans-hyposecretion, hypersecretion, abnormal target cell
responsiveness, androgen insensitivity syndrome
hyposecretion Correct Ans-- primary hyposecretion: gland secretes too little hormone
- secondary hyposecretion: gland secretes too little hormone due to deficiency of its tropic
hormone
hypersecretion Correct Ans-- primary hyperseretion: gland secretes too much hormone
- secondary hypersecretion: gland secretes too much hormone due to excess of its tropic
hormone
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