,
,
,Table of Contents
z z
PART I. Radiation Basics
z z z
1. Radiation History z
2. Radiation Physics z
3. Radiation Characteristics z
4. Radiation Biology z
5. Radiation Protection z
PART II. Equipment, Film, and Processing Basics
z z z z z z
6. Dental X-Ray Equipment
z z
7. Dental X-Ray Film
z z
8. Dental X-Ray Image Characteristics
z z z
9. Dental X-Ray Film Processing
z z z
10. Quality Assurance in the Dental Office
z z z z z
PART III. Dental Radiographer Basics
z z z z
11. Dental Radiographs and the Dental Radiographer
z z z z z
12. Patient Relations and the Dental Radiographer
z z z z z
13. Patient Education and the Dental Radiographer
z z z z z
14. Legal Issues and the Dental Radiographer
z z z z z
15. Infection Control and the Dental Radiographer
z z z z z
PART IV. Technique Basics
z z z
16. Introduction to Radiographic Examinations
z z z
,17. Paralleling Technique z
18. Bisecting Technique z
19. Bite-Wing Technique z
20. Exposure and Technique Errors z z z
21. Occlusal and Localization Techniques
z z z
22. Panoramic Imaging z
23. Extraoral Imaging z
24. Imaging of Patients with Special Needs
z z z z z
PART V. Digital Imaging Basics
z z z z
25. Digital Imagingz
26. Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging z z
PART VI. Normal Anatomy and Film Mounting Basics
z z z z z z z
27. Normal Anatomy: Intraoral Images
z z z
28. Film Mounting and Viewing
z z z
29. Normal Anatomy: Panoramic Images
z z z
PART VII. Image Interpretation Basics
z z z z
30. Introduction to Image Interpretation z z z
31. Descriptive Terminology z
32. Identification of Restorations, Dental Materials, and Foreign Objects
z z z z z z z
33. Interpretation of Dental Caries z z z
34. Interpretation of Periodontal Disease z z z
35. Interpretation of Trauma and Pulpal and Periapical Lesions
z z z z z z z
,Chapter z01: zRadiation zHistory
Iannucci: zDental zRadiography, z5th zEdition
MULTIPLE zCHOICE
1. Radiation z is zdefined zas
a. a z form z of zenergy zcarried zby zwaves
z orzstreams z of z particles.
b. a zbeam zof zenergy zthat zhas zthe zpower
zto zpenetrate zsubstances z and zrecord
z image zshadows z on z a z receptor.
c. a z high-energy zradiation z produced z by
zthezcollision z of za z beam z of z electrons
z with z a zmetal ztarget z in z an z x-ray ztube.
d. a zbranch z of zmedicine z that zdeals zwith zthe
use z of zx-rays.
ANS: z A
Radiation z is za z form z of zenergy zcarried z by zwaves z or z streams z of zparticles. zAn z x-ray zis za
z beamzof zenergy zthat z has z the z power z to zpenetrate z substances z and z record z image z shadows z on
z a zreceptor. z X-radiation z is za z high-energy zradiation z produced z by zthe z collision z of za z beam
z of zelectrons z with z a z metal z target z in z an z x-ray z tube. z Radiology z is z a z branch z of z medicine
z that zdeals zwith zthe z use z of zx-rays.
DIF: Recall REF: z z z Page z2 OBJ: z 1
TOP: z CDA, zRHS, z III.B.2. zDescribe zthe z characteristics z of zx-radiation
MSC: z NBDHE, z 2.0 zObtaining z and z Interpreting z Radiographs z | zNBDHE, z 2.1 zPrinciples z of
zradiophysics zand zradiobiology
2. A zradiograph z is zdefined z as
a. a zbeam z of zenergy zthat z has zthe zpower
ztozpenetrate z substances z and z record
z image
shadows zon z a zreceptor.
b. a zpicture z on z film zproduced zby zthe zpassage
of zx-rays zthrough zan z object z or zbody.
c. the z art z and zscience z of zmaking
z radiographs zby zthe z exposure z of z an z image
z receptor z to z x-
rays.
d. a z form z of zenergy zcarried zby zwaves z or za
stream z of zparticles.
ANS: z B
An zx-ray zis za z beam z of zenergy zthat z has z the z power zto zpenetrate z substances z and zrecord
z imagezs hadows z on z a z receptor. z A zradiograph z is z a z picture z on z film z produced z by zthe
z passage z of zx- zrays zthrough z an z object z or zbody. z Radiography z is z the z art z and z science z of
zmaking z dental z images z by zthe z exposure z of z a z receptor z to z x-rays. z Radiation z is z a z form z of
zenergy z carried z by zwaves zor zstreams z of zparticles.
,DIF: Comprehension REF: z z z Page z2 OBJ: z1
zTOP: z CDA, zRHS, z III.B.2. z Describe z the z characteristics z of zx-radiation
MSC: z NBDHE, z 2.0 zObtaining z and z Interpreting z Radiographs z | zNBDHE, z 2.1 zPrinciples z of
zradiophysics zand zradiobiology
3. Your zpatient zasked z you zwhy zdental z images zare z important. zWhich z of
z thezfollowing zis zthe zcorrect zresponse?
a. An z oral zexamination z with zdental z images
limits zthe zpractitioner zto zwhat z is
zseenzclinically.
b. All z dental z diseases z and zconditions zproduce
clinical z signs zand zsymptoms.
c. Dental z images zare z not za z necessary
component z of z comprehensive z patient z care.
d. Many zdental zdiseases zare z typically
discovered z only zthrough z the z use z of
z dentalzimages.
ANS: z D
An zoral z examination z without zdental zimages z limits zthe zpractitioner zto zwhat zis zseen
zclinically. z Many zdental z diseases z and z conditions z produce z no z clinical z signs z and
z symptoms.zDental z images z are z a z necessary z component z of z comprehensive z patient z care.
z Many zdental zdiseases zare z typically zdiscovered z only zthrough z the z use z of zdental z images.
DIF: Application REF: z z z Page z2 OBJ: z 2
TOP: z CDA, zRHS, z III.B.2. zDescribe zthe z characteristics z of zx-radiation
MSC: z NBDHE, z 2.0 zObtaining z and z Interpreting z Radiographs z | zNBDHE, z 2.5 zGeneral
4. The z x-ray zwas z discovered z by
a. Heinrich zGeissler
b. Wilhelm zRoentgen
c. Johann zHittorf
d. William zCrookes
ANS: z B
Heinrich zGeissler zbuilt zthe zfirst z vacuum ztube z in z1838. z Wilhelm zRoentgen zdiscovered
z thezx-ray z on z November z 8, z 1895. z Johann z Hittorf z observed z in z 1870 z that z discharges
z emitted z from z the z negative z electrode z of z a z vacuum z tube z traveled z in z straight z lines,
z produced z heat,
and zresulted z in z a z greenish z fluorescence. zWilliam z Crookes zdiscovered z in z the z late z 1870s
z thatzcathode zrays zwere z streams z of zcharged zparticles.
DIF: Recall REF: z z z Page z2 OBJ: z 4
TOP: z CDA, zRHS, z III.B.2. zDescribe zthe zcharacteristics z of zx-radiation
MSC: z NBDHE, z 2.0 zObtaining z and z Interpreting z Radiographs z | zNBDHE, z 2.5 zGeneral
, 5. Who z exposed z the zfirst zdental zradiograph zin zthe zUnited z States z using za zlive z person?
a. Otto zWalkoff
b. Wilhelm zRoentgen
c. Edmund zKells
d. Weston zPrice
ANS: z C
Otto zWalkoff zwas za zGerman zdentist zwho zmade zthe z first zdental zradiograph. z Wilhelm
zRoentgen z was z a z Bavarian zphysicist z who z discovered z the z x-ray. z Edmund z Kells z exposed
z thezfirst z dental z radiograph z in zthe z United zStates z using za z live z person. z Price z introduced z the
zbisecting ztechnique z in z1904.
DIF: Recall REF: z z z Page z4 OBJ: z 5
TOP: z CDA, zRHS, z III.B.2. zDescribe zthe z characteristics z of zx-radiation
MSC: z NBDHE, z 2.0 zObtaining z and z Interpreting z Radiographs z | zNBDHE, z 2.5 zGeneral
6. Current z fast z radiographic z film z requires % z less z exposure ztime zthan
thezinitial zexposure ztimes zused zin z1920.
z
a. 33
b. 98
c. 73
d. 2
ANS: z D
Current z fast z radiographic z film z requires z98% z less zexposure z time z than zthe z initial
z exposureztimes zused zin z1920.
DIF: Comprehension REF: z z z Page z5 OBJ: z6
zTOP: z CDA, zRHS, z III.B.2. z Describe z the z characteristics z of zx-radiation
MSC: z NBDHE, z 2.0 zObtaining z and z Interpreting z Radiographs z | zNBDHE, z 2.5 zGeneral
7. Who z modified z the z paralleling z technique z with z the z introduction z of zthe
z long-zcone ztechnique?
a. C. zEdmund zKells
b. Franklin zW. zMcCormack
c. F. zGordon zFitzgerald
d. Howard z Riley zRaper
ANS: z C
C. zEdmund zKells z introduced zthe zparalleling z technique z in z1896. zFranklin zW.
z McCormackzreintroduced z the z paralleling z technique z in z1920. z F. zGordon z Fitzgerald
z modified zthe zparalleling z technique z with zthe z introduction z of z the z long-cone z technique.
zThis z is z the ztechnique z currently zused. z Howard z Riley zRaper z modified z the z bisecting
z technique z and z introduced zthe z bite-wing ztechnique z in z1925.
DIF: Recall REF: z z z Page z4 OBJ: z 7
TOP: z CDA, zRHS, z III.B.2. zDescribe zthe zcharacteristics z of zx-radiation
MSC: z NBDHE, z 2.0 zObtaining z and z Interpreting z Radiographs z | zNBDHE, z 2.5 zGeneral
, 8. Which z of zthe z following z is zan zadvantage z of zdigital z imaging?
a. Increased z patient z radiation z exposure
b. Increased z patient z comfort
c. Increased zspeed z for z viewing zimages
d. Increased zchemical z usage
ANS: z C
Patient zexposure z is zreduced zwith zdigital z imaging. zDigital z sensors zare zmore zsensitive z to
zx- zrays z than z film. z Digital z sensors z are z rigid z and z bulky, z causing z decreased z patient
z comfort. zThezimage z from z digital z sensors z is z uploaded z directly z to z the z computer z and
z monitor z without z the z need z for z chemical z processing. z This z allows z for z immediate
z interpretation z and z evaluation.
The z image z from z digital z sensors z is zuploaded zdirectly z to zthe zcomputer zand z monitor
z withoutzthe z need z for zchemical z processing.
DIF: Comprehension REF: z z z Page z6 OBJ: z7
zTOP: z CDA, z RHS, z I.B.2. z Demonstrate z basic z knowledge z of z digital
z radiography
MSC: z NBDHE, z 2.0 zObtaining z and z Interpreting z Radiographs z | zNBDHE, z 2.5 zGeneral
9. Which z discovery zwas z the z precursor zto zthe zdiscovery z of zx-rays?
a. Beta zparticles
b. Alpha zparticles
c. Cathode zrays
d. Radioactive z materials
ANS: z C
Beta z particles z are z fast z moving z electrons z emitted z from z the z nucleus z of zradioactive z atoms
zand z are z not z associated z with z x-rays. zAlpha z particles z are z emitted z from z the z nuclei z of
z heavy zmetals z and z are z not z associated z with z x-rays. z Wilhelm z Roentgen z was z experimenting
zwith zcathode z rays z when z he z discovered z x-rays. z Radioactive z materials z are z certain
z unstable z atomszor zelements z that z are z in zthe zprocess z of zspontaneous zdisintegration z or
zdecay.
DIF: Comprehension REF: z z z Page z3 OBJ: z4
zTOP: z CDA, zRHS, z III.B.2. z Describe z the z characteristics z of zx-radiation
MSC: z NBDHE, z 2.0 zObtaining z and z Interpreting z Radiographs z | zNBDHE, z 2.5 zGeneral
10. Which z of zthe z following zwould z you zplace z in zthe zpatient’s z mouth zin z order
z toztake zdental zx-rays?
a. Image
b. Image z receptor
c. Radiograph
d. Dental z radiograph
ANS: z B
An z image z is za zpicture z or zlikeness z of zan z object. z An zimage zreceptor z is zthe zrecording
zmedium z (film, z phosphor z plate, z or zdigital z sensor) z that z is z placed z in z the z patient’s z mouth
z tozr ecord z the z image z produced z by zthe z x-rays. z A zradiograph z is z an z image z of z two-
dimensionalzrepresentation z of za z three- zdimensional z object. zA zdental zradiograph z is zthe
z dental z image zproduced zon za zrecording zmedium.
