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PRITE - High Yield Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions 100% Correct!!!
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PRITE - High Yield Questions AndAnswers With Verified Solutions 100%
Correct!!!
internal carotid artery - ANSWER✔✔Name this artery.
anterior cerebral artery - top is A2, bottom is A1
A1 - supplies internal capsule, limbic system; may have minimal Sx d/t collateral
flow from ACoA
A2 - contralateral paresis and anesthesia of lower limb - ANSWER✔✔Name this
artery and its segments.
Name the stroke symptoms associated with occlusion of each segment.
middle cerebral artery - M1 is proximal to the early cortical branches and M2 is
distal to the early cortical branches
either segment - contralateral hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, homonymous
hemianopia
Dominent hemisphere = Dysarthria (actually aphasia)
Nondominent = Neglect - ANSWER✔✔Name this artery and its segments.
Name the stroke symptoms associated with occlusion of each segment.
posterior cerebral artery - P1 is proximal to PCoA, P2 is distal to PCoA.
P1 Syndrome - affects midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus. Claude syndrome - third
nerve palsy and contralateral ataxia (red nucleus of midbrain); Weber's syndrome -
third nerve palsy and hemiplegia (cerebral peduncle)
P2 Syndrome - affects medial temporal and occipital lobes. Contralateral
homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing. - ANSWER✔✔Name this artery
and its segments.
Name the stroke symptoms associated with occlusion of each segment.
basilar artery
"Locked in" syndrome - quadreplegia, cranial nerve signs, preserved consciousness
(lower midbrain) - ANSWER✔✔Name this artery. Name the stroke symptoms
associated with occlusion of this artery.
pontine arteries - ANSWER✔✔#11 - name the arteries
,superior cerebellar artery - ANSWER✔✔#10 - name the artery
anterior inferior cerebellar artery - ipsilateral limb Ataxia, contralateral loss of pain
and temperature
Lateral pontine syndrome (fACIAl): loss of taste, lacrimation, salivation,
hyperaucusis ipsilateral; ipsilateral paralysis of face - ANSWER✔✔#14 - name the
artery. Name the stroke symptoms associated with occlusion of this artery.
posterior inferior cerebellar artery - lateral medullary / Wallenberg syndrome
PIC - Pain and temperature, Ipsilateral loss on face, Contralateral loss on body.
Horner syndrome (small pupil, ptosis, decreased sweating; "pH = PICA/Horner"). -
ANSWER✔✔#16 - name the artery. Name the stroke symptoms associated with
occlusion of this artery.
vertebral artery - ANSWER✔✔Name this artery.
posterior limb of the internal capsule - ANSWER✔✔A lacunar stroke of what area
would cause a pure motor stroke, or lower extremity ataxia?
ventroposterolateral nucleus of thalamus - ANSWER✔✔A lacunar stroke of what
area would cause a pure sensory stroke?
basilar pons - ANSWER✔✔A lacunar stroke of what area would cause
dysarthria/clumsy hand syndrome?
Mechanism of action: NRT binding induces Na influx or Cl influx
Outcome effect: excitation or inhibition of membrane
Receptor / NRT: nicotinic AChR (ACh), NMDA (glutamate), 5HT-3 (serotonin),
GABA-A (GABA)
# transmembrane receptors: 4 transmembrane receptors on each of 5 subunits
within one receptor - ANSWER✔✔For the ionotropic receptor subtype, give the
mechanism of action, outcome effect, example receptor/ neurotransmitter pairs
within this subtype, and the number of transmembrane receptor units.
Mechanism of action: NRT binding induces physical transformation of receptor, G
protein activation, adenylyl cyclase enzyme activation, formation of second
messenger (cAMP or IP3), activation of protein kinase, phosphorylation of
transcription factor
,Outcome effect: gene transcription
Receptor / NRT: muscarinic AChR (ACh), alpha, beta (NE, E), mu (endorphins,
enkaphalins), 5HT other than 3 (serotonin), D1, D2 (DA)
# transmembrane receptors: 7 - ANSWER✔✔For the G-protein coupled receptor
subtype, give the mechanism of action, outcome effect, example receptor/
neurotransmitter pairs within this subtype, and the number of transmembrane
receptor units.
Mechanism of action: dimerization of 2 monomer subunits, phosphorylation of
tyrosine, enzyme activation, gene transcription
Outcome effect: neurogenesis
Receptor / NRT: VEGF, FGFR (BDNR, other neurotrophic factors) -
ANSWER✔✔For the receptor tyrosine kinase receptor subtype, give the
mechanism of action, outcome effect, and example receptor/ neurotransmitter pairs
within this subtype.
Mechanism of action: hormone diffuses across cell membrane, hormone-receptor
complex enters nucleus and binds DNA
Outcome effect: gene transcription
Receptor / NRT: thyroid hormone, estogen, progesterone, androgens (testosterone),
cortisol, aldosterone - ANSWER✔✔For the nuclear receptor subtype, give the
mechanism of action, outcome effect, and example receptor/ neurotransmitter pairs
within this subtype.
Autoreceptors are receptors for regulation of NRT release, bound by the same NRT
which they release.
Somatodenditic receptors - presynaptic GPCR, cause opening of K channels and
decreased cAMP levels. Regulate neuron firing rate, ex inhibitory 5HT-1A.
Nerve terminal receptors - postsynaptic GPCR, cause closing of Ca channels. Ex
alpha-2 inhibit NE release (MOA of clonidine) - ANSWER✔✔Define
autoreceptors. Describe the two types of autoreceptors and provide an example of
each.
alpha-2 agonist; agonism of this nerve terminal receptor inhibits NE release. Tx for
ADHD, nightmares in PTSD - ANSWER✔✔Give the mechanism of action of
clonidine and the clinical use.
Heteroreceptors are receptors for regulation of NRT release, but they are bound by
a NRT other than the one they regulate.
, 5HT (serotonin) binds DA presynaptic neuron and decreases DA release d/t
decreased firing rate.
NE binds alpha-1 receptors on 5HT neurons and increase the firing rate. -
ANSWER✔✔Define heteroreceptors and give two examples.
desensitization - chronic activation of a receptor causes it to be overphosphorylated
and signaling cascade is blocked
down-regulation - chronic desensitization causes degradation of receptor
SSRIs chronically activate 5HT-1A autoreceptors, which down-regulate and result
in less inhibition of 5HT action - ANSWER✔✔Describe receptor desensitization
and down-regulation. Give an example.
Chronic antagonism of a receptor causes increased receptor synthesis, resulting in
increased NRT sensitivity.
Ex: chronic antipsychotic use (D2 blockade) increases sensitivity to DA and causes
tardive dyskinesia - ANSWER✔✔Describe the mechanism of receptor
upregulation. Give an example.
1) allosterically bind and inhibit the 5HT reuptake transporter so more 5HT is
available in the synapse
2) chronically activate 5HT-1A autoreceptors, which down-regulate and result in
less inhibition of 5HT action - ANSWER✔✔Give two main mechanisms of action
for SSRIs.
tryptophan -tryptophan hydroxylase-> 5HTP -decarboxylase->5HT
dorsal raphe nucleus in the pons and medulla - ANSWER✔✔Give the synthesis
pathway for 5HT (serotonin). Give the primary location of 5HT synthesis.
VMAT - ANSWER✔✔Name the enzyme which packages monoamine
neurotransmitters (e.g. 5HT, DA, NE) into vesicles
frontal cortex: mood
basal ganglia: repetitive movements, OCD
limbic: anxiety, panic
hypothalamus: appetite, satiety - ANSWER✔✔Give the four areas of the brain that
5HT neurons project to, and the effects of 5HT at each area.
MAO.
5HT: 5-HIAA (elevated in carcinoid syndrome)
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