Exam (elaborations)
Pathoma- Questions and Answers
- Course
- Institution
Pathoma- Questions and Answers
[Show more]
Content preview
Pathoma- Questions and Answersfree radical basics Correct Ans-Cyt C oxidase transfers electrons to O2 during oxidative
phosphorylation, accepts 4 electrons O2 => O2- => H2O2 => OH- => H2O
pathologic generation of free radicals Correct Ans-ionizing radiation (H2O => OH- most
damaging radical)
inflammatio (neutrophils oxygen dependent killing: makes HOCl)
metals (Cu & Fe, Fenten rxn => OH-... Wilson's & Hemocromatosis (=> cirrosis of liver))
drugs/chemicals (tylenol by liver P450 => free radicals; CCl4)
free radical making enzymes Correct Ans-O2 => O2- = NADPH oxidase
O2- => H2O2 = superoxide dysmutase (SOD)
H2O2 => HOCl = myeloperoxidase
H2O2 => H2O + O2 (catalase)
OH- => H2O (glutathione peroxidase)
elimination of free radicals Correct Ans-antioxidants: Vit A, C, E
metal carrier proteins: transferrin carries Fe in blood; Ferratin binds Fe in liver (so radicals not
produced)
enzymes SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase
free radical injury Correct Ans-CCl4 dry cleaning industry
, Pathoma- Questions and Answers
liver P450 converts CCl4 = CCl3-, damaged hepatocyes
cellular swelling, RER swell, lose ribosomes => fail to synthecize protein (apolipoprotein) =>
fat can get in, but can't get out (function of liver) => fatty change of liver
reperfusion injury
MI, cells die. cath lab, O2 returns => hits inflammatory cells, make free radicals => further
damage to cardiac myocytes
amyloid Correct Ans-usually beta-pleated sheet
amyloid pics up Congo red stain, reveals apple-green birefringence under polarized light
systemic amyloidosis Correct Ans-primary amyloidosis: deposition of AL (light chain)
amyloid; plasma cell dyscrasia diseases => overproduction of light chain => deposits into
tissue
secondary amyloidosis: depositoin of AA (acute phase reactant) amyloid; SAA = acute phase
reactant => AA... in chronic inflammation, malignancy, familial mediterranean fever
(dysfunctional neutrophils
kidney most involved organ => nephrotic syndrome (> 3.5 g/24 hr proteinuria)
restrictive cardiomyopathy (amyloid => less compliant heart wall)
, Pathoma- Questions and Answers
localized amyloidosis Correct Ans-senile cardiac amyloidosis: non-mutated serum
transthyretin
familial amyloid cardiomyopathy: mutated serum transthyretin => restrictive cardiomyopathy
(5% blacks)
DM II: byproduct of insulin is amylin, deposits in islets of pancreas => burns out pancreas =>
insulin-dependent DM II
alzheimer disease: Abeta amyloid (beta-amyloid precursor protein Chr 21)
dialysis-associated amyloidosis: beta2-microglobulin (amyloid) structural support for MHC I...
gets filtered poorly => deposits in joints
medullary carcinoma of thyroid: tumor cells overproduce calcitonin, deposits => amyloid
(thyroid cancer in amyloid backgroudn = medullary carcinoma)
acute inflammation Correct Ans-edema + neutrophils
infection & tissue necrosis
acute inflammation factors Correct Ans-Tol-like Receptors (TLRs)
Arachidonic acid
Mast cells
Compliment
Hageman factor
TLRs Correct Ans-Tol-like receptors: recognize PAMPs, e.g. CD14 on macrophages recognize
LPS of gram neg bact => activate macrophage/dendritic cell =>immune reponse
, Pathoma- Questions and Answers
arachadonic acid Correct Ans-from phospholipase A2; acted upon by 1 of 2 pathways
COX pathway => prostaglandins => vasodilation & inc. vascular permeability (PGE2 => pain &
fever)
5-lipooxygenase pathway => leukotrienes => vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, & inc. vascular
permeability (pericytes within vessel endothelial cells) (LTB4 attacts & activates neutrophils
Hypoxia Correct Ans-Ischemia, Hypoxemia, Dec. O2-carrying capacity
ischemia Correct Ans-dec. blood flow through organ: block arterial flow to, or venous flow
from
budd-chiari syndrome Correct Ans-thrombosis of hepatic vein => infarction of hepatic
parenchyma (1 - poly-cythemia very, or 2 - lupus anticoagulant)
hypoxemia Correct Ans-PaO2 < 60, or SaO2 < 90
FiO2 dec: high altitude
PAO2 dec: high PACO2 (hypoventillation, OCPD), interstitial fibrosis
Dec. O2-carrying capacity Correct Ans-anemia (PaO2 & SaO2 normal), CO poisoning,
methemoglobinemia (tx. IV methylene blue)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller TheeGrades. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $24.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
83637 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now