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Pathoma Chapter 1 Questions and Answers
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Pathoma Chapter 1 Questions and Answers
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Pathoma Chapter 1 Questions and AnswersWhat type of metaplasia does not produce an increase in cancer risk?Apocrine metaplasia of
the breast, which is seen in fibrocystic change of the breast
What vitamin deficiency can result in metaplasia?Vitamin A deficiency
Why is Vitamin A necessary?It is necessary for the differentiation of specialized epithelial
surfaces such as the conjunctiva covering the eye (causes night blindness!!); also necessary for
maturation of the immune system
What happens to the conjunctiva of the eye during Vitamin A deficiency?Undergoes
metaplasia from goblet cell/columnar epithelium to keratinizing squamous epithelium
(leading to dry eyes --> destruction of cornea --> blindness)
XerophthalmiaDry eyes (caused by vitamin A deficiency and metaplasia); can lead to
keratomalacia
KeratomalaciaCorneal destruction due to vitamin A deficiency; can eventually result in
blindness; example of metaplasia, columnar epithelium becomes squamous, and can lead to
xerophthalmia (dry eye)
Myositis ossificansConnective tissue within muscle changes to bone during healing after a
trauma; example of mesenchymal metaplasia
, Pathoma Chapter 1 Questions and Answers
Example of mesenchymal (connective) tissue metaplasiaMyositis ossificans (Connective tissue
within muscle changes to bone during healing after a trauma)
Sign of vitamin A deficiencyLoss of night vision
Types of mesenchymal/connective tissueBone, blood vessels, fat, cartilage
DysplasiaDisordered cell growth, most often referring to proliferation of precancerous cells
What is CIN?Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is an example of dysplasia and is a precursor to
cervical cancer
What two processes commonly lead to dysplasia?Longstanding pathologic hyperplasia (ex/
endometrial hyperplasia) and metaplasia (ex/ Barrett esophagus)
Is dysplasia reversible?Yes, if the inciting stress is relieved
Is carcinoma reversible?No
Aplasia (and give an example)Failure of cell production during embryogenesis; unilateral renal
agenesis
, Pathoma Chapter 1 Questions and Answers
Hypoplasia (and give an example)Decrease in cell production during embryogenesis, resulting
in a small organ; Streak ovary in Turner's (45 X)
What leads to an increase in organ size?Increase in stress
What are the two processes via which an organ can increase in size?Hyperplasia (increase in
number of cells) and hypertrophy (increase in size of cells)
What are three processes/events that occur in hypertrophy?Gene activation, protein
synthesis, production of organelles
Where do the new cells in hyperplasia come from?Stem cells
What tissues cannot undergo hyperplasia, only hypertrophy?Permanent tissue, i.e. skeletal
muscle, cardiac muscle, nerve tissue
What is the only type of muscle that can undergo hyperplasia?Smooth muscle (i.e. uterus)
How do cardiac myocytes respond to hypertension?Hypertrophy, not hyperplasia
Picture shows left ventricular hypertrophy
Hyperplasia that occurs due to underlying pathologic processPathologic hyperplasia
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