ANCC CARDIAC-NURSING CERTIFICATION
EXAM: PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES
EXAM LATEST TEST WITH COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Catecholamines Correct Answer Increase heart rate by increasing
the rate of rise to threshold
Acetylcholine Correct Answer Vagal neurotransmitter reduces the
rise and slows heart rate.
Rapid Depolarization Correct Answer When a membrane reaches
threshold, approximately -55 mV, also called Phase 0
Cardiac Dysrhythmias Correct Answer Results from interference
with the generation or propagation of cardiac action potentials
Antidysrhythmic drugs Correct Answer Are grouped according to
their effects on the cardiac action potential
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Correct Answer The major carrier
of cellular energy, is required for many cellular processes: muscle
contraction, active transport, and biochemical synthesis.
Generated from chemical processes during the metabolism of
food such as carbohyddrates, fats, and proteins
Aerobic metabolism Correct Answer Occurs in the mitochondria.
Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates are broken down and combined
with molecular oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
Krebs cycle Correct Answer Also called the citric acid or
tricarboxylic acid cycle. Is the final common pathway for
,metabolism of pyruvate from glucose, amino acids from proteins
and fatty acids from fat
Oxidative phosphorylation Correct Answer Is the process in which
inorganic phosphate couples with adenosine disphosphate (ADP)
to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Net gain of energy from aerobic metabolism Correct Answer 1
mole of glucose is 38 moles of ATP
Anaerobic metabolism Correct Answer Occurs in the cytoplasm. If
oxygen is present, pyruvate moves into the Krebs cycle. In the
absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, builds up,
and stops the metabolic process.
Glycolysis Correct Answer Glucose is converted to pyruvate and
adenosine diphosphate is converted to adenosine triphosphate in
the process
Net gain of energy from anaerobic metabolism Correct Answer 1
mole of glucose is 2 moles of ATP and 2 moles of pyruvate
Labile cells Correct Answer Regenerate frequently and have a
short life span
Stable cells Correct Answer Retain the ability to regenerate but do
so only under special circumstances
Permanent cells Correct Answer Do not regenerate or regenerate
very slowly
Apoptosis Correct Answer Planned death of cells
Receptors Correct Answer Found on the plasma membrane that
bind with messenger molecules to produce a specific response
,Primary messengers Correct Answer Includes hormones,
neurotransmitters, and local mediators
Four types of cellular response Correct Answer 1. Change in
membrane permeability and the electrical properties of cells
2. Alter contraction of muscle cells
3. Alter secretion
4. Alter cellular metabolism
G-protein-linked receptors Correct Answer Increase the
intracellular concentration of cyclic adneosine monophosphate
(AMP)
Beta-1 receptors Correct Answer The plasma membrane of
myocardial cells bind with norepinephrine and activate cyclic AMP
to increase the force of contraction. When stimulated, increase
heart rate, contractile force, and conduction velocity.
Inositol-phospholipid (IP3) Correct Answer Linked receptors
increase intracellular calcium and activate protein kinase C, which
activates other intracellular proteins
Muscarininc receptors Correct Answer Act by the way of the
inositol-phospholipid (IP3) system. Are part of the
parasympathetic autonomic system.
Autonomic nervous system Correct Answer Regulates
cardiovascular function
Preganglionic sympathetic nervous system neurons Correct
Answer Reelease the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Postganglionic sympathetic nervous system neurons Correct
Answer Release norepinephrine at the effector site
, Receptors present on the target cells Correct Answer Alpha 1,
Alpha 2, Beta 1, and Beta 2
Alpha receptors Correct Answer Produce vasoconstriction
Beta-2 receptors Correct Answer Produce vasodilation
Beta-1 receptors in cardiac tissue Correct Answer Can be up- or
down-regulated as a response to frequent bombardment or
infrequent stimulation.
Down-regulation Correct Answer Occurs when receptor sites are
overstimulated for a prolonged period of time and the receptors
tire. As a protective mechanism, the receptors move into the cell,
reesulting in a functional decrease in receptors available for
stimulation.
Up-regulation Correct Answer Occurs when the receptors that
have moved into the cell return to their normal position on the cell
surface resulting in a functional increase in receptor sites
available for stimulaiton, potentially resulting in overexpression of
the receptor activity
Distribution of receptors Correct Answer In vascular beds is
variable
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons Correct Answer Release
the neurotransmitter, ACh, which acts on muscarinic receptors
Myocardial cells Correct Answer Have muscarinic receptors that,
when stimulated, decrease heart rate, contractile force, and
conduction velocity
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