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HPEX 358 - Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
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HPEX 358 - Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
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HPEX 358 - Final Exam Questions With Complete SolutionsAlcohol consumption: difference between heavy & binge
drinking, prevalence among high
school students, health problems associated with binge drinking
among college students. Correct Answer Heavy drinking
- Women: 8 or more drinks per week
- Men: 15 or more drinks per week
Binge:
- Women: 4 or more drinks during a single occasion (within two
hours)
- Men: 5 or more drinks during a single occasion (within two
hours)
- High school students: associated with problem at school,
interpersonal difficulties, legal problems & automobile crashes
- College school students: STI's and unintentional pregnancies
Appropriate situations for screening tests Correct Answer -
Condition screened needs to be significantly important
- Screening test should have a high cost-benefit ratio
- Condition needs to be sufficiently prevalent
- An effective treatment should be available
- The test should be simple & safe
- Screening tests need to demonstrate: Reliability and Validity
Bioterrorism-related diseases: examples (category A agents)
Correct Answer Category A agents Based on?
- Anthrax, botulism, plague, tularemia, Ebola
,Case-control study: advantages & disadvantages of case-control
studies Correct Answer Advantages
- Can be used to study low-prevalence conditions
- Relatively quick & easy to complete
- Usually inexpensive
- Involve smaller number of subjects
- Study rare diseases **
Disadvantages
- Measurement of exposure may be inaccurate
- Representativeness of cases & controls may be unknown
- Provide indirect estimates of risk
- The temporal relationship between exposure & outcome cannot
always be ascertained
- You cannot measure the direct risk **
Case-control study: definition, example, measure of association,
how to calculate
& interpret the measure of association Correct Answer -
Definition: Subjects are defined on the basis of presence or
absence of an outcome of interest
- Cases: individuals who have the outcome or disease of interest
- Controls: individuals without the outcome or disease of interest
- Ex: a group of people who have lung cancer; a group of people
who do not and asking their source
- Measure of association: Odds ratio (*know how to calculate
and interpret* make the 2x2 table)
Categories of epidemiologic study designs Correct Answer
Case-control
Cohort
Ecologic
, Intervention
Challenges to validity of study designs Correct Answer
External Validity
- Sampling error: A threat to external validity
Internal Validity: Refers to the degree to which the study has
used methodologically sound procedures
Bias: Systematic deviation of results or inferences from the truth
a systematic error that results in an incorrect or invalid estimate
of the measure of association
Types of bias
- Selection bias: Distortions that result from procedures used to
select subjects & from factors that influence participation in the
study
- Confounding: Distortion of a measure of the effect of an
exposure on an outcome due to the association of the exposure
with other factors that influence the occurrence of the outcome
Cohort study: advantages & disadvantages of cohort studies
Correct Answer Advantages
- Permit direct observation of risk
- Exposure factor is well defined
- Can study exposures that are uncommon in the population
- The temporal relationship between exposure & outcome is
known
Disadvantages
- Expensive & time consuming
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