BIOL 235 final Exam Study Guide.
Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - answercarbonic anhydrase
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - answerthe conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water
into carbonic acid
fixed phagocytic macrophages - answerremove most old erythrocytes from circulation
Location...
Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - answer✔carbonic anhydrase
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - answer✔the conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water
into carbonic acid
fixed phagocytic macrophages - answer✔remove most old erythrocytes from circulation
Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - answer✔narrow capillaries of the spleen
Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - answer✔in the bone marrow
pluripotent stem cells - answer✔continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and
lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells
emigration or diapedesis - answer✔The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary
endothelium to exit the vasculature
agglutinins - answer✔genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the
surface of an erythrocyte
ESV - answer✔volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed
Increase in ESV when - answer✔stroke volume is decreased
Three cations with important effect on heart function - answer✔K+, Ca2+, and Na+
Increased blood levels of NA+ - answer✔blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of contraction
Excess in K+ - answer✔blocks generation of action potentials
pharynx - answer✔serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air flow
inferiorly
larynx - answer✔passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production
paranasal sinuses - answer✔resonates sound, not part of the pharynx
fauces - answer✔opening from oral cavity into pharynx
tertiary bronchus - answer✔carries air to a segment of a lung
terminal bronchiole - answer✔carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole
pleural membranes - answer✔surround the lungs
surfactant - answer✔reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange
alveoli - answer✔actual sites of gas exchange
eupnea - answer✔normal, quiet breathing
costal breathing - answer✔shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles
compliance - answer✔amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall
inspiratory capacity - answer✔tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL
in males
vital capacity - answer✔tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume;
usually about 4800 mL in males
functional residual capacity - answer✔residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually
about 2400 mL in males
Henry's law - answer✔states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional
to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility
Average lifespan of an erythrocyte - answer✔120 days
Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells - answer✔equals the rate of RBC destruction by
macrophages
Emigration or diapedesis is - answer✔the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood vessels
WBCs use to destroy pathogens - answer✔lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions
Neutrophils - answer✔are usually the first and most numerous responders to an infection
Macrophages - answer✔react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do
Pluripotent stem cells are derived from - answer✔mesenchyme
Megakaryoblasts - answer✔platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes
Platelet - answer✔fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane
Platelet plug - answer✔can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is small
enough
Hemostasis - answer✔sequence of responses that stops bleeding, vascular spasm, platelet plug
formation, blood clotting
Blood clot - answer✔gel that contains formed elements of the blood entangled in fibrin threads
In blood clotting - answer✔coagulation factors are activated in sequence, resulting in a cascade
of reactions that includes positive feedback cycles
Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting - answer✔fewer steps, thromboplastic leaks into the blood
from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates the formation of prothrombinase
Intrinsic pathway of blood clotting - answer✔more complex, occurs more slowly, activators are
in direct contact with blood or contained within (intrinsic to) the blood. Outside tissue damage is
not needed.
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