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Biology 5235 Praxis 2 Test with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated 2024
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Biology 5235 Praxis 2 Test with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated 2024
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Biology 5235 Praxis 2 Test with 100%Correct Answers | Verified | Updated
2024
carbohydrates - ✔✔compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of
1:2:1. Living things use carbs as their main source of energy. Plants, some animals, and other organisms
also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.
lipids - ✔✔made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Fats, oils, waxes. Can be used to store energy.
Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
nucleic acids - ✔✔macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and
phosphorus. They are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. Store
and transmit hereditary, or genetic information.
Protein - ✔✔macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
osmosis - ✔✔diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Molecules move from an
area of higher concentration to lower concentration
diffusion - ✔✔driving force behind movement of many substances across cell membrane
,thermodynamics - ✔✔branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to
energy and work
anabolic reactions - ✔✔Anabolic processes create complex materials from simpler substances. This
activity would include synthesizing the basic components of cells like proteins and lipids, as well as
creating the storage form of nutrients to be utilized as needed for energy. The steroidal hormones that
stimulate protein synthesis and muscle growth are traditionally classified by endocrinologists as
anabolic hormones due to the nature of their effects on the body.
catabolic reactions - ✔✔Catabolic processes move in the opposite direction, breaking down large
molecules into smaller ones, and tend to release energy in the form of energy- rich compounds like
adenosine triphosphate (ATP). They not only supply the energy to power anabolic activity, they also
provide the small molecules (building blocks) required to create more complex molecules, and the
electrons which act like "glue" by holding atoms together through chemical bonds.
hydrolysis - ✔✔chemical breakdown of due to reaction with water
reduction-oxidation reactions - ✔✔An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical
reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species. An oxidation-reduction reaction is
any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or
losing an electron. Redox reactions are common and vital to some of the basic functions of life, including
photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and corrosion or rusting.
enzyme substrate complex - ✔✔enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to
react. such a site reduces the energy needed for reaction. The reactants of enzyme catalyzed reactions
are known as substrates. substrates bind to a site on a enzyme called active site. The active site and
substrates have complementary shapes. The fit is so precise that the active site and substrates are
often compared to a lock and key.
temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules can effect the ___________ of enzymes - ✔✔activity
feedback inhibition - ✔✔or negative feedback, is a system in which the product or result of a
process limits the process itself. Homeostasis is maintained by feedback inhibition.
cytoplasm - ✔✔portion of cell outside the nucleus. Both prokaryotes and eukarotes have cytoplasm
, organelles - ✔✔"little organs"
nucleus - ✔✔contains nearly all the cells DNA and the coded instructions for making proteins and
other important molecules.
vacuoles - ✔✔store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
lysosomes - ✔✔small organelles filled with enjpyes. "cleanup crew" Breaks downs lipids,
carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. They are also
involved in breaking down organelles that have outlived their usefulness.
cytoskeleton - ✔✔eukaryotic cells are given their shape and internal organization by a network
of protein filaments known as cytoskeleton. Helps the cell maintain its shape and is also involved
in movement.
microfilaments - ✔✔threadlike structures made up of a protein called actin
microtubules - ✔✔hollow structures made up of proteins known as tubulins. Important in cell division.
centrioles - ✔✔located near the nucleus and help organize cell division. They are not found in
plant cells.
ribosomes - ✔✔small particles of RNA and protein found throughout cytoplasm in all cells.
where proteins are assembled.
E.R. - ✔✔eukaryotic cells contain an internal membrane system. Where lipid components of the
cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from cell.
rough ER - ✔✔proteins made on the rough ER include those that will be released, or secreted, from
the cell as well as many membrane proteins and proteins destined for lysosomes and other specialized
locations within the cell.
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