BIOL 221 Exam 1 Latest(2025/2026) Questions and Answers 100% Correct.
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Course
BIOL 221
Institution
BIOL 221
Single-celled photosynthetic organisms with nuclei and without cell walls are...
A. Cyanobacteria
B. Purple Sulfur Bacteria
C. Algae
D. Plants
E. Fung - ️️Algae
Which of the following statements about viruses is true?
A. They have an active chemical metabolism.
B. Viruses that infect ba...
BIOL 221 Exam 1
Single-celled photosynthetic organisms with nuclei and without cell walls are...
A. Cyanobacteria
B. Purple Sulfur Bacteria
C. Algae
D. Plants
E. Fung - ✔️✔️Algae
Which of the following statements about viruses is true?
A. They have an active chemical metabolism.
B. Viruses that infect bacteria cannot infect humans.
C. They have only RNA, no protein.
D. They cannot infect bacteria.
E. They are usually surrounded by a lipid envelope. - ✔️✔️Viruses that infect bacteria
cannot infect humans
What are prions?
A. Infectious proteins with no nucleic acid.
B. Very tiny virus-like particles.
C. Infectious RNA with no protein.
D. Peptidoglycan particles that affect the immune system.
E. Small cells that lack a cell membrane. - ✔️✔️Infectious proteins with no nucleic acid
Taken together, the experiments of Pasteur, Tyndall and Koch demonstrated that...
A. some bacteria cannot be killed
B. as long as air can be kept out, a solution can be kept sterile
C. as long as no living organisms enter a solution, it can be kept sterile indefinitely
D. sometimes an experiment must be repeated for it to work right
E. some forms of bacteria are not living organisms - ✔️✔️as long as no living
organisms enter a solution, it can be kept sterile indefinitely
There is much interest in using bacteriophages to kill the bacteria that cause infectious
diseases inhumans. Which of the following is a valid concern about such therapy?
A. The bacterial viruses might also infect humans.
B. The bacterial viruses might carry bacterial DNA into human cells.
C. Bacterial viruses might mutate into uncontrollable "superbugs."
D. The virus preparation might be contaminated with a few live bacterial cells.
E. The viruses might evolve into new bacterial cells. - ✔️✔️The virus preparation might
be contaminated with a few live bacterial cells.
,Viroids are...
A. small virus-like particles
B. small pieces of RNA without a protein coat
C. empty protein coats without any nucleic acid
D. infectious proteins that serve as folding templates for other proteins
E. another name for plant viruses - ✔️✔️small pieces of RNA without a protein coat
Archaea have...
A. a nucleus
B. a cell membrane
C. peptidoglycan
D. chloroplasts
E. phosphotransferase systems - ✔️✔️a cell membrane
Which of the following structures is found only in Bacteria?
A. cell wall
B. flagellum
C. cell membrane
D. nucleus
E. lipopolysaccharide - ✔️✔️Lipopolysaccharide
In Pasteur's famous experiment that finally disproved spontaneous generation, bacteria
grew
A. only in the flasks with a swan neck
B. only in media that came in contact with air
C. only in media that came in contact with other bacteria
D. only once the media had been boiled
E. in all flasks, regardless of how they were treated experimentally - ✔️✔️only in media
that came in contact with other bacteria
Tyndall repeated the same experiment, but got different results. This was because
A. he didn't do the experiment right
B. he used different flasks than Pasteur
C. he was working in England, but Pasteur was working in France
D. he didn't boil the flasks for as long a time as Pasteur did
E. the media he was trying to sterilize contained endospores - ✔️✔️the media he was
trying to sterilize contained endospores
Which of the following is currently (2008) believed to be a major difference between
prokaryotesand eukaryotes?
,A. Eukaryotes are all multicellular.
B. Eukaryotes have a cytoskeletal framework inside the cytoplasm.
C. Prokaryotes all have cell walls made of peptidoglycan.
D. Eukaryotes have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
E. Prokaryotes have RNA, but eukaryotes have DNA - ✔️✔️Eukaryotes have a nucleus
surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Which of the following entities makes more copies of itself by acting as a template for
proteinfolding?
A. Prion
B. Prokaryote
C. Provirus
D. Virus
E. Viroi - ✔️✔️Prion
Which of the following statements about bacteriophage is correct?
A. They can infect both bacteria and plants.
B. They contain both DNA and RNA.
C. They are very tiny infectious RNA particles.
D. They have a protein coat.
E. They are examples of chemolithoheterotrophs - ✔️✔️They have a protein coat.
How do prions cause diseases like mad cow disease?
A. They act as a template to misfold native proteins.
B. They reproduce by inserting their DNA into host cells.
C. Their RNA interferes with the production of RNA in host cells.
D. They use the host cell's metabolism to reproduce, very much like viruses do.
E. They produce and secrete a potent neurotoxin - ✔️✔️They act as a template to
misfold native proteins.
The three main branches in the phylogenetic "tree" of life are...
A. Plants, Animals and Fungi
B. Bacteria, Plants and Animals
C. Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes and Archaea
D. Protozoa, Eukaryotes and Bacteria
E. Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes - ✔️✔️Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes
Which of the following is a hallmark of protozoa, but NOT of bacteria?
A. life in extreme environments
B. endocytosis to engulf nutrients
, C. saprophytic lifestyle
D. the presence of a cytoskeleton
E. two cell forms - yeast and mold - ✔️✔️endocytosis to engulf nutrients
These viruses infect the bacterium Escherichia coli. Which of thefollowing MUST also
be true?
A. They have a lipid envelope.
B. They contain no protein.
C. They cannot infect humans.
D. The viruses are prokaryotes.
E. Their diameter (white line) is less than 1 nanometer. - ✔️✔️They cannot infect
humans.
Prions are infectious agents that contain
A. protein only
B. RNA only
C. RNA and protein
D. DNA and protein
E. RNA, DNA and protein - ✔️✔️protein only
We said in an early lecture that science should be "predictive." What does this mean?
A. If you repeat the same experiment, you get the same results.
B. You know in advance which experiments will work and which won't.
C. If you change a variable in an experiment, you know how the results will change.
D. You can try a completely new experiment and know in advance what the results will
be.
E. You can deduce how a biological system will evolve in the future. - ✔️✔️If you
change a variable in an experiment, you know how the results will change.
Which of the following correctly describes comparisons between Bacteria, Eukaryotes
andArchaea?
A. Archaea have no protein, just RNA.
B. Only Eukaryotes have a cytoskeletal protein network within their cells.
C. Bacteria and Eukaryotes have a nucleus; Archaea don't.
D. Only Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell structures.
E. Eukaryotes are a much more diverse group than the other two. - ✔️✔️Only Bacteria
have peptidoglycan in their cell structures.
Last semester, when he was working with bacteriophage in the lab, a student came to
me and saidhis doctor had told him he had a viral infection. He was pretty sure he had
acquired the infection fromthe bacteriophage he was working with in lab. What would
you have told him?
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