Exam Bank Solution Manual for Cardiovascular Pathology Rated 100%
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Course
Cardiovascular Pathology
Institution
Cardiovascular Pathology
Exam Bank Solution Manual for Cardiovascular Pathology Rated 100%
What are the reasons for essential (primary) hypertension? - Answers Genetic variation that causes:
- Increased basal level of sympathetic tone
- Altered Na/K transport efficiency
- Hyperactive renin-aldosterone system
What are...
What is CHF? - Answers - Inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood w/o extraordinary effort
- Usually starts with problems on left, but progresses to both
What causes Right-sided heart failure? - Answers - Pulmonary hypertension
- Lung diseases
- Pulmonary embolism
- Valve damage
Symptoms of Right-sided heart failure? - Answers - Diffuse edema (due to systemic congestion)
, - Hepato- and Splenomegaly
- Ascites
What causes Left-sided heart failure? - Answers - Damaged myocardium
- Increased systemic pressure
- Valve damage
What are the symptoms of Left sided heart failure? - Answers - SOB (due to pulmonary congestion)
- Orthopnea
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
What is low output and high output? - Answers Low output= inability of heart to pump a normal amt of
blood
High Output= Inability of heart to compensate for a greater need of blood (pregnancy, water retention,
cirrhosis, severe anemia)
What is the normal range for ejection fraction (EF= SV/EDV)? - Answers 50-75%
What is systolic failure? - Answers Heart contractions are ineffectual due to dilation or damage (EF<
40%)
What is diastolic failure? - Answers Poor refill of chamber after contraction due to stiff chamber wall
(fibrosis, amyloidosis, restrictive pericardium)
- EF is normal or increased
Possible causes of edema - Answers - Increased vascular permeability (inflammation, allergy, burns,
shock)
What serosal cavities can have edema? - Answers - Pericardial effusion
- Pleural effusion
- Peritoneal effusion (ascites)
That is the difference between transudate vs. exudate edema? - Answers Transudate has less protein
(<2 g/dL) and has mostly benign causes
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