PATH 3610 Midterm 2 Exam | Complete Solutions (Verified) Which of the following terms describe an exudate? a. formed due to increase in venous hydrostatic pressure b. contains plasma ultrafiltrate primarily c. contains fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells The specific movement of neutrophils t...
a. formed due to increase in venous hydrostatic pressure
b. contains plasma ultrafiltrate primarily
c. contains fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells
The specific movement of neutrophils toward a focus of inflammation is termed:
a. peristalsis
b. chemotaxis
c. margination
The systemic fever response is a result of which of the following?
a. pyrogens influencing the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre in the brain
b. a loss of vasomotor control due to bacterial toxins
c. decreased heat loss from the body due to peripheral vasoconstriction
Which of the following lists best describes the composition of pus?
a. plasma, fibrin, tissue macrophages and tissue debris
b. neutrophils, mucus, tissue debris
c. degenerating neutrophils, plasma, tissue debris and dead microbes
An active increase in blood flow to a tissue area is termed:
a. hemorrhage
b. hyperemia
c. congestion
Which of the following statements about acute inflammation is not true?
a. it is the first line of defense against an injury
b. the extent of the inflammatory reaction is proportionate to the degree of tissue
damage
c. the leakiness of the vessels allows fluids and proteins but not cells to escape
The increased vascular permeability seen early in acute inflammation is primarily the
result of:
,a. widening of intercellular junctions between endothelial cells
b. leukocyte-mediated endothelial injury
c. direct injury to endothelium by the initiating cause of the inflammation
Mast cells have an important role in inflammation because their granules release:
a. serotonin
b. histamine
c. proteases
Fibrinous inflammation develops when:
a. inflammation is caused by bacterial invasion
b. vascular permeability has increased sufficiently to allow fibrinogen to leave the
vessels
c. clotting is initiated in vessels
Opsonization refers to the:
a. enhanced phagocytosis of injurious agents by leucocytes
b. activation of mediator precursors
c. enhanced recognition by leucocytes of injurious agents, due to coating with a variety
of opsonins
granulation tissue is characterized by (2):
fibrosis and angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels)
The main leukocytes of acute inflammation are:
Neutrophils
What are the 2 major vascular changes of acute inflammation?
- increased permeability of vessels
- vascular dilation
What is the main cellular response of acute inflammation?
Leukocytes leave circulation and go to site of injury
Mast cells release _________ which causes vascular dilation. This is derived from
_________________
Histamine, Amino acid histadine
Name 2 vasoactive amines
histamine and serotonin
Where are Mast cells found and how do they work?
,They are found everywhere in the body, but specifically near injured and necrotic tissue.
They have membrane bound vacuoles, granules, that contain histamine. During injury
the histamine is released and dilation occurs.
Increased blood flow to an area is called?
Hyperemia
What causes the initial leakiness of capillaries?
widening of intracellular junctions
What is Exudation?
Release of leukocytes and proteins into extravascular areas
What is Exudate?
The fluid that end up in extravascular tissue spaces
What is Transudate? And what causes it (think back to unit 2: blood flow)
opposite of exudate. Leukocytes and proteins are not allowed to leave the vessels.
Caused by decreased osmotic, or oncotic pressure
Prolonged retraction is mediated by (2)
TNF (tumor necrosis factor) and interleukin-1 (IL-1)
What is the difference in composition of exudate and transudate?
Exudate: looks alot like plasma b/c nothing is held back
Transudate: ultrafiltrate b/c literally all large molecules stay in capillaries because the
capillaries are constricted
Transudate versus Exudate: which has higher protein content
Exudate
Transudate versus Exudate: what types of proteins are found in each?
Transudate: mostly albumin
Exudate: Various
Transudate versus Exudate: difference in appearance:
Transudate is clear, but exudate is turbid, yellow, and even pink
What is Ascites?
, accumulation of fluid in abdomen
What is peritonitis?
inflammation of peritoneum, caused by bacterial infection caused by blood or rupture of
abdominal organ
What is the benefit of exudation?
it dilutes the offender, and brings defence proteins to area, and drains them into
lymphatics
Where is fibrinogen made?
Liver
When fibrinogen escapes into tissue, it becomes _____________ due to ____________
fibrin, tissue thrombin
What leukocytes are capable of phagocytosis?
Neutrophils and macrophages
How do neutrophils kill offending agents? Do they work faster or slower than
macrophages.
works rapidly, uses cytoskeletal rearrangement and enzyme assembly.
Faster than macrophages
How do macrophages kill offending agents? Do they work faster or slower than
neutrophils.
involved changes in gene transcription
Slower
Leukocytes are derived from:
the myeloid cell line within bone marrow
What are the 2 arms of the myeloid cell line?
Mononuclear cells
Granulocytes
What do mononuclear cells look like?
What do ganulocyte cells look like?
They are smoothly outlined, with round nucleus
multilobulated nucleus, and cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils are this type of leukocyte.
Granulocytes
What type of leukocyte has greatest role in ACUTE inflammation?
neutrophils
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller NurseHenny. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $25.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
