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PSY 110 Study Guide for Exam 1
- Course
- Psy110-03
- Institution
- Endicott College
The following is a brief outline of topics you should study for Exam 1
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PSY 110Study Guide for Exam 1
The following is a brief outline of topics you should study for Exam 1. Please refer to your notes,
canvas slides, quizzes, and the textbook for a full version of the materials. While the focus should
be on the notes and the slides, you do need to read the textbook to broaden and deepen your
understanding. In general, you should be able to: (1) clearly explain each concept/theory and
related findings, (2) understand the connection among each concept and other relevant concepts,
and (3) describe examples for each concept.
Chap 1 Intro
Empiricism, Objectivity, Accumulation
- Empiricism: the idea that children's characteristics develop through experience and
learning, rather than being predetermined at birth
- Objectivity: the ability to make unbiased, balanced observations based on facts that can
be verified
- Accumulation: The concept of accumulation is important in the study of lifespan
development, aging, and health, and is studied in multiple disciplines. (increase or growth
by addition especially when continuous or repeated).
Eight stages of life development
- Prenatal: conception to birth
- Infancy & toddlerhood: birth to 2 years
- Early childhood: 2 to 6 years
- Middle childhood: 6 to 11 years
- Adolescence: 11 to 18
- Early (emerging) adulthood
- Middle adulthood
- Late adulthood
Nature vs. nurture (e.g., overweight, sexual orientation, gender differences
Differential susceptibility
- Nature refers to the influence of the genes that people inherit.
- Nurture refers to environmental influences
- Differential susceptibility, the idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to particular
experiences.
Multidirectional Development: Continuity vs. discontinuity of development (e.g., social
learning theory vs. Piaget's cognitive stage theory, delayed gratification experiment, &
conservation task)
Multicontextual Development: Age-graded influences, History-graded influences,
Nonnormative influences
Multicultural Development: difference-equals-deficit error, intersectionality (e.g., co-sleeping
with children or not, social responses towards shy children in different cultures, how cultural
values shape parental praise, first generation college students)
Multidisciplinary Development: physical (bio), cognitive, social-emotional; the 3 domains
interact with each other
- Biosocial includes biology, neuroscience, and medicine.
, - Cognitive includes psychology, linguistics, and education.
- Psychosocial includes economics, sociology, and history.
Plastic Development
- people have the ability to change and that there are many possible developmental
outcomes
Developmental debates: why do they matter?
- they help us understand how people develop over their entire lives, and how their
development is influenced by a variety of factors
Historical foundations:
Scientific beginning of child development study as influenced by Darwin
Normative approach: age related averages of many samples to describe typical development
Tests that focus on individual differences
Strength and limits of different research methods:
- Surveys
- advantages; collect information on large samples (less costly).
- Disadvantages; subject need to be able to read, social desirability, wording of
survey can be bias respondes
Observations: naturalistic vs. structured observation; Harry Harlow's research:
- Advantages; reveal how children behave in everyday life and detailed information
- disadvantages; people may not behave naturally
Interviews: clinical interview vs. structured interview:
- advantages; detailed information
- disadvantages; interviewer may have bias
Case studies:
- advantages; can collect rich and detailed information about the case
- disadvantages; not a representative sample
Ethnography:
- researchers spend significant amount of time in the cultural community, participating in
its daily life - lots of notes and interviews
Experiments:
- not always going to give a solid findings
Descriptive design:
- A research method used to try and determine the characteristics of a population or
particular phenomenon
Correlational design:
- A research method that examines the relationship between two or more variables without
manipulating any of them
Experimental design:
- The process of carrying out research in an objective and controlled fashion so that
precision is maximized and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a hypothesis
statement.
, Correlation Coefficient (“r”)
- correlation indicates a connection
Correlation does NOT equal causation: why?
- Just because two variables are similar does not mean that they are connected or that one
causes the other to happen.
Experimental group & comparison (control) group:
- The researcher manipulates one or more variable (independent variable) and measure the
resulting changes in other variables (dependent variable)
- experimental group; receives treatment
- control group; receives no treatment
Independent Variable vs. Dependent Variable:
- Independent; factor that is manipulated
- dependent variable; factor that is measured
Developmental Research Design: cross-sectional vs. longitudinal (attrition & practice
effects):
- to deal with changes that continue over time
- Cross sectional; research that studies groups differing in age at the same time
- quick, but no individual tracking
- Longitudinal; to study same group of individuals over a long period of time
- potential problem; attraction and practice effects
- Cohort effects; individuals are influenced by particular historical and cultural conditions
Ethical guidelines for research on human participants:
- General principles of code of ethics
- never harm participants
- informed consent
- keep data confidential
- knowledge of results
Being a wise consumer of information:
- separate group from individual outcomes
- Do no overgeneralize from small sample
- do no attribute causes when none exist
- evaluate the source of information
Chap 2 Theories of Development
What do theories do?:
- systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a coherent
framework.
Psychoanalytic (focusing on emotions):
- psychosexual:
- emphasize biological
- Psychosocial:
- emphasize social influences
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