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NUR231 Pathophysiology Exam| Questions Solved 100% Correct| Verified and Already Passed
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NUR231 Pathophysiology Exam| QuestionsSolved 100% Correct| Verified and
Already Passed
Be familiar with the different types of type I hypersensitivity reactions (allergic
rhinitis, anaphylaxis) and their treatments. - ✔rhinitis
asthma
anaphylaxis (severe cases)
What are type II hypersensitivity reactions? - ✔Type II hypersensitivity reactions, or
cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions, are antibody-mediated reactions. They are mediated by
IgG or IgM antibodies directed against target antigens on specific host cell surfaces or
tissues.
autoimmune disorders - ✔Autoimmune diseases occur when the body's immune
system fails to differentiate self antigens from non-self antigens and mounts an
immunologic response against host tissues.
self-tolerance - ✔the ability of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self
autoreactivity - ✔describes an organism acting against its own tissue.
anergy - ✔When the loss of lymphocyte response to an antigen occurs and causes a lack
of cellular and/or humoral immunologic response, this is called anergy. Anergy is the state
of immunologic tolerance to specific antigens.
, autoantibodies - ✔In many autoimmune diseases, the immune system loses its ability
to recognize self and produces what is called autoantibodies.
What are positive and negative selection? - ✔During maturation in the thymus, T cells
encounter self-peptides bound to MHC molecules. The T cells that display the host's MHC
antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process
termed positive selection. The T cells that have a high affinity for host cells are sorted out
and undergo apoptosis, called negative selection.
2 general causes of autoimmune diseases - ✔genetic and environmental factors
How do you diagnose an autoimmune disease? - ✔Diagnosis is made by following
patient history, physical evidence, and serological findings. However, blood testing can be
imprecise, as some tests are more generic and can be elevated in the presence of other
diseases. In order for an autoimmune disorder to be concluded, the following criteria must
be met: evidence of an autoimmune reaction, the immunologic findings are not secondary
to another condition, and no other identifiable causes are found.
Graves' disease - ✔It is an abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by thyroid-
stimulating antibodies (TSH receptor antibodies) that act through the normal TSH
receptors. It is a state of hyperthyroidism, goiter, and ophthalmopathy.
SLE - ✔systemic lupus erythematous
a chronic inflammatory disease termed the great imitator because it can affect almost
any organ system. It affects predominantly women during their childbearing years.
HIV - ✔HIV is a retrovirus that selectively attacks the CD4+ T lymphocytes, the immune
cells responsible for coordinating the immune response to infection. Because of this,
people with HIV infection are more susceptible to severe infections with ordinarily harmless
organisms.
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