Test Bank Solution Manual for Psychopharm - Anxiety Already Passed

Test Bank Solution Manual for Psychopharm - Anxiety Already Passed Anxiety Disorders: For A Penny People Can Make It Snow Chocolate - Answers Fatigue, Arousal, Panic attacks, Phobic avoidance, Compulsions, Muscle tension, Irritability, Sleep, Concentration Characteristics of Fear: Quit It Before Adam Urinates - Answers Quick onset, Involuntary onset, Brief duration, Autonomic arousal, Universal events Worry is a sustained emotional response to ___________ _____________, i.e. future-oriented emotional state, "What if..." - Answers unpredictable threats Both fear and anxiety are adaptive emotional responses to stress and are experienced by all humans to varying degrees. In anxiety disorders, these responses become ___________, ___________, and ____________. - Answers aberrant, excessive, and maladaptive. Anxious __________ __________ causes the person to exert overly conservative preparatory behavior in the face of an unpredictable threat; very _________, but _________. - Answers Judgement bias; very effective, bu inefficient. Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive and aberrant __________ _________ under conditions of (threat) _________. - Answers anticipatory responding...uncertainty. Anxiety disorders are a __________ __________; inability to learn about safety, lack of transfer from previous safety/success to future thoughts. - Answers cognitive deficit Fear (panic, phobia) = ___________ circuit. Worry (anxious misery, apprehensive expectation, obsession) = ____________ circuit. - Answers Fear = Amygdala-centered circuit Worry = CSTC-Loops circuit CSTC Loops: Biology behind worrying PFC: generates _________ and _________, sends this to the STR... STR: facilitates the _________ and inhibits the _________, sends this modified version to the THAL... THAL: continues to receive _________ __________ and also input from the cortex, so stays ___________ ___________ - Answers PFC: generates plan and response STR: facilitates the wanted and inhibits the unwanted THAL: continues to receive sensory input....stays continuously updated... Affect of Fear -Reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the __________ and ___________. - Answers Amygdala and the ACC and OFC. Avoidance = Fight or Flight Response -Reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the __________; which when stimulated, individual will tend to _________ a situation. - Answers Periaqueductal Grey (PAG); when stimulated, you avoid... Endocrine Output -Reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the __________. -Overactivation from the amygdala ultimately causes _________ _________ levels. -Prolonged activation and ________ release can have significant health implications, such as increased risk of _______ ______ ______, _______ ________ _______, and _________. - Answers HPA Axis increased cortisol cortisol; coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke. Breathing output -Reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the __________. -Important for setting the _______ ___ _______; cells constantly stimulate breathing _________. -When stimulated by the amygdala, they trigger ______/_______ breathing, and become ________ sensitive to CO2. -Can also be stimulated by _________ CO2 levels. [CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3-] -When the blood becomes _______, you feel like breathing. -PD patients are ____________ to CO2. -Deep breathing can shift the equilibrium ______; ________ before breath-holding allows for longer hold. - Answers Parabrachial Nuclei (PBN) -Important for setting the RHTHYM OF BREATHING; ...UNCONSCIOUSLY... trigger MORE/FASTER breathing, and become MORE sensitive to CO2.