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Bio of Cancer Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers
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Designing a case control study - Answer-- first, find cases (disease) and match controls (no disease) - ask if they were previously exposed (eg. if you were a smoker before getting lung cancer) - if the odds of having had the exposure is higher among cases than controls (odds ratio) then the inci...

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  • October 18, 2024
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Bio of Cancer Exam 2 Questions with
Correct Answers
Designing a case control study - Answer-- first, find cases (disease) and match controls
(no disease)
- ask if they were previously exposed (eg. if you were a smoker before getting lung
cancer)
- if the odds of having had the exposure is higher among cases than controls (odds
ratio) then the incidence of this disease should be higher among the exposed than the
non-exposed (risk ratio) - Uses odds ratio

What do epidemiologists do - Answer-1) define the public health problem
- magnitude: how many people get the disease
- severity: how bad is the disease
eg. acne has high magnitude but low severity

2) understand the key risk factors

3) develop intervention/prevention strategies
- screening programs

4) set policy/priorities

5) implement and evaluate

What do public health investigations use?
- how? - Answer-Quantitative methods
- combine epidemiology and biostatistics
- information is collected to investigate a question and an appropriate study design is
applied
- tools of biostatistics are used to analyze the data to aid in deciding if the results are
significant

What three things do epidemiologists study concerning diseases in the population -
Answer-etiology, progression, and treatment

What is the difference between epidemiologists and biostatisticians - Answer-
epidemiologists come up with the questions to approach diseases

biostatisticians analyze and determine if the results are significant

Cancer epidemiology
- definition

,- examples - Answer-the study of the distribution (magnitude) and determinants (risk
factors) of cancer in human populations and application of the findings to the control of
cancer

- distribution: national and state cancer registries
- determinants: cell phone use and brain tumors
- application: clinical trials and drugs for treatment/prevention

Objective:

Describe the main contributions of descriptive epidemiology and analytical epidemiology
in the paradigm of public health - Answer-descriptive:
- collect and organize statistics to understand variations in disease frequency over time,
geographically, and among different subgroups of people

analytical:
- aims to identify and study risk factors (increase or decrease your risk) and protector
factors (lower your rates of getting the disease) of cancer development and mortality
- research associations between an exposure and an outcome

Descriptive epidemiology - Answer-- use absolute whole numbers (eg. number of new
cases per 100,000 people)

Analytic epidemiology - Answer-use relative risk (risk ratio)
- comparisons

eg. risk of lung cancer death is 5x higher in light smokers compared with non-smokers

Exposure, outcomes, and risk - Answer-Exposure
- often called a 'risk factor' (may be protective)

Outcome
- the 'something' that may happen - death or a medical event such as cancer diagnosis

Risk
- the chance/probability that the outcome will happen

Risk can be expressed as? - Answer-absolute risk or relative risk

Objective:

Define risk factors - Answer-risk factors are factors that increase or decrease your risk
of cancer development

Relative risk compares what? - Answer-risk disease of the exposed to risk of disease of
the un-exposed

, - also known as risk ratio
- has no units
- known as RR

Objective:

Be able to calculate absolute risk:
- 20 people attend picnic, 7 develop food-poisoning - Answer-absolute risk:
- outcome/total people

eg.
- result: 7/20 or 35% or 35/100 people

Objective:

Be able to calculate and interpret risk:
- 20 people attend picnic
- 7 develop food poisoning
- 10 people ate ice cream and 6 got food poisoning
- 10 people did not eat ice cream, 1 got food poisoning - Answer-relative risk:
- risk of exposed/risk of unexposed

eg.
- risk of people who ate ice cream: 6/10
- risk of people who didnt eat ice cream: 1/10
- result: (6/10) / (1/10) = 6.0
- interpretation: people who ate ice cream are 6x more likely to likely to get outcome
given the exposure

- comfort level is how you determine if it is a strong risk factor or not

Calculate the absolute risk and relative risk of the following (per 1,000,000 people)
- 2,000,000 people are at a picnic, 7 got food poisoning
- 1,000,000 ate the ice cream, 6 got food poisoning
- 1,000,000 did not eat the ice cream, 1 got food poisoning - Answer-absolute:
- (7/2,000,000)
- result: 3.5 per 1,000,000 people

Relative:
- (6/1,000,000) / (1/1,000,000)
- result: 6.0
- interpretation: 6x more likely to get outcome (food poisoning) given exposure (eating
ice cream)

***even though relative risk is high, absolute risk is so low that logic dictates you should
eat the ice cream

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