Cancer general definition - Answer-Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Cancer is not just one disease, but many diseases. There...
Cancer Final Exam Questions with
Correct Answers
Cancer general definition - Answer-Cancer is a term used for diseases in which
abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells
can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Cancer is
not just one disease, but many diseases. There are more than 100 different types of
cancer.
*smoking, sun, diet, stress
Carcinoma - Answer-cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover
internal organs. Subtypes of carcinoma, include adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma,
squamous cell carcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma.
Sarcoma - Answer-cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or
other connective or supportive tissue.
Leukemia - Answer-cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow
and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced.
Lymphoma and myeloma - Answer-cancers that begin in the cells of the immune
system
CNS cancers - Answer-cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord
Cancer and death - Answer-cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in
people under 85 y/o
-stabalization of incidence rates for all cancer sites in men in women and a continued
decline in death rates
Cancer basic info - Answer--Most cancers occur in patients age 65 and older but can
happen in children, young adults and middle aged adults
-Overall incidence is higher in men than women
-Cancer rates are higher in industrialized countries
-Cancer mortality is higher in African Americans than any other racial group, due to
differences exposure to risk factors, economics, education and access to health care
(mostly d/t env. factors)
-lifetime risk. 40.4% M/W will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their lifetime
-In addition to the physical morbidity caused by cancer, cancer is frequently associated
with emotional distress and an overall reduction in quality of life.
-Cancer is a financial stressor: 2.6 times more likely to file for bankruptcy than cancer
free controls
Cancer in all/M/F - Answer-ALL: prostate, female breast, lung
Characteristics of cancer cells - Answer--A series of cellular and genetic changes that
cause a loss of normal cell regulation
-Abnormal cell proliferation or growth...Cancer cells continue to grow EVEN AT THE
EXPENSE OF THEIR HOST!
-Unchecked local growth and invasion of surrounding tissue
-The ability to metastasize to distant parts of the body
-essentially no apoptosis
-Pleomorphism - cells vary in size and shape
-Polymorphism - Nucleus is enlarged and and variable in shape
-Chromosomal mutations including translocations, deletions, amplification, aneuploidy
(abnormal # of chromosomes)
-Production of surface enzymes that aid in invasion and metastasis
-Loss of antigens that label the cell as "self"
-Production of new tumor-associated antigens that label the cell as "non-self"
-Increased rate of anaerobic metabolism
-Loss of contact inhibition, which normally halts cell division once cells are in contact
with one another
-Normal cells recognize and adhere to each other, cancer cells do not...
Malignant process - Answer--Cancer cells are genetically unstable
-They are prone to mutations
-Cancer begins when one abnormal cell is transformed by a genetic mutation of the
DNA
-The abnormal cell makes a clone and proliferates...This is known as the monoclonal
origin of cancer
Oncogenes - Answer--Cellular oncogenes exist in all mammals. -They are responsible
for vital cellular growth and differentiation
-Cellular proto-oncogenes function as a turn on mechanism for cellular growth
-When mutation occurs in cellular proto-oncogenes, cell growth and differentiation are
stimulated
-Tumor suppressor genes regulate or turn off unneeded cellular proliferation and when
these genes mutate, they lose the ability to regulate growth = malignancy!
Carcinogenesis - Answer--The process that allows cancer to to happen and is a
multistep process involving initiation, promotion, progression and metastasis.
-Initiation happens when an external factor (chemical, biologic, physical carcinogens)
alter the genetic structure of the cellular DNA
-Normally, this is reversed by DNA repair mechanisms or the abnormal changes
stimulate apoptosis
-Promotion involves repeated exposure to promoting agents or co-carcinogens leads to
reversible or irreversible damage to the growth mechanism causing cancer cell
transformation
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