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Intro To Cancer Exam 2 Study Guide Questions and Answers
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Who won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1989? Why? - Answer-J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes DNA transfection - Answer-cells are morphologically and malignantly transformed Activation of proto-oncogenes - A...

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  • October 18, 2024
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Intro To Cancer Exam 2 Study Guide
Questions and Answers
Who won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1989? Why? - Answer-J.
Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus for their discovery of the cellular origin of
retroviral oncogenes

DNA transfection - Answer-cells are morphologically and malignantly transformed

Activation of proto-oncogenes - Answer-Various mechanisms to follow:

ras proto-oncogene - Answer--point mutation
-amplification, increase in copy number

MYC proto-oncogene - Answer--viral insertion
-DNA amplification, increase in gene copy number
-chromosome translocation

HER-2/erbB2/ neu proto-oncogene - Answer--amplification, increase in copy number
-truncated receptor binding region

Point mutations activating the RAS proto-oncogene - Answer-Mutation "hotspots":
amino acids 12 and 61

RAS point mutations common in different human tumors - Answer--Pancreas: 90%
-Colorectal: 45%
-Thyroid: 60%
-Lung: 35%

Point Mutation Activation of the RAS P21 protein - Answer-Involves:
-GTP
-Gly 12
- gamma PO4
-Gln 61

Activation of proto-oncogene C-MYC by viral insertion - Answer--RSV (LTR gag pol env
src LTR) - transforms by carrying the src oncogene
-ALV (LTR gag pol env LTR) trnasforms but does not carry an oncogene. How does it
transform?

ALV transformation - Answer--no viral dna, no transcription
-viral DNA inserted into call DNA near the c-myc gene allows transcription leading to
leukemia

, Activation of Proto-oncogene C-MYC by amplification of gene copy number - Answer-
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or c-myc probe to chromosomes of
neuroblastoma cell showing increase copy number on chromosome 8

Activation of proto-oncogene C-MYC by chromosome translocation - Answer-
translocation of genes can activate c-myc

Proto-oncogenes are activated by amplification of gene copy number - Answer-
Oncogenes:
-H-ras 11p15 colorectal cancer
-erbB-2 17q11 breast cancer
-CCND1(cyclinD1) 11q13 breast, head and neck, esophogeal
-mdm2 extrachromosomal, double minutes
Nucleotide Repeats: unstable numbers of microsatellites repreats
-e.g. HNPCC defrects in repair genes: hMSH2, hMLH2, hPMS1, hPMS2
Copy NUmber Variation (CNV)

Proto-oncogene HER-2 can be activated by - Answer--amplication of gene copy number
e.g. mroe DNA copies or more RNA by transcription or stability

Activation of growth factor receptors - Answer--by truncation
-NORMALLY: binding of growth factor on outside of cell triggers intracellular signal
emissions
-CANCER CELLS: truncated receptor emits signals even in the absence of ligand
binding

Truncation of extracellular domain of HER-2 can lead to - Answer-resistance to
herceptin because the herceptin antibody cannot find the extracellular domain of the
HER-2 protein

Proto-oncogene C-ABL can be activated by - Answer-chromosome translocation in CML
-in chromosomes 9 , 22

cellular oncogenes - Answer-pieces of DNA that, when activated by mutations or by
dislocation, can cause a normal cell to become malignant

Proto-oncogenes - Answer-the corresponding normal cellular genes that are
responsible for normal cell growth and division

proto-oncogene to oncogene - Answer-Somatically acquired mutations
"Dominant gene" mutation
Proto-oncogene when highly expressed, can also become an oncogene via
transcriptional amplification.
Three ways
1. Translocation to new locus: Excess protein
2. Gene amplification : Excess protein

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