NURS 2031FINAL EXAM REVIEW
3 Criteria for establishing cause and effect Correct Answer 1.
Causal variable and effect variable must be associated with each
other.
2. Cause must precede the effect.
3. The relationship must not be explained by another
(extraneous) variable.
3 research paradigms Correct Answer 1. Epistemology
2. Ontology
3. Methodology
3 types of quantitative research design Correct Answer
experimental, quasi-experimental, non-experimental
Accuracy Correct Answer All aspects of a study systematically
and logically follow from the research problem
Advantages & Disadvantages of Quasi-Experimental Design
Correct Answer Advantages:
- Practical and more feasible, especially in clinical settings
- Some generalizability
- more adaptable to the real-world practice setting
Disadvantages
- Difficult to make clear cause-and-effect statements
- May not be able to randomize
Advantages vs Disadvantages of Experimental Design Correct
Answer Advantages:
,- Most appropriate for testing cause-and-effect relationships
- Provides highest level of evidence for single studies
Disadvantages:
-Participant mortality ... especially control group participants
-Difficult logistics in field settings
-Not all research questions are amenable to experimental
manipulation or randomization
-Hawthorne effect
after-only design Correct Answer An experimental design with
two randomly assigned groups—a treatment group and a control
group. This design differs from the true experiment in that both
groups are measured only after the experimental treatment.
Alternate Hypothesis (Ha) Correct Answer •What the
researcher believes the outcome will be
•Directional or non-directional
ANOVA (analysis of variance) Correct Answer Purpose:
•To test differences in means between independent groups
•When 3+ groups being compared on one DV
•Participants are tested only once
antecedent variable Correct Answer Occur before the study
(age, gender, socioeconomic status, and health status)
beta coefficient Correct Answer degree of change in the DV for
every 1-unit change in the IV
,Betty Newman's System Model Correct Answer Community
mental health, Patient's relationship to stress and how they cope
with it. Each client is unique, Must focus on whole person, Open
to environment, Many known, unknown and universal stressors,
Wellness and illness are a continuum.
Bias Correct Answer Distortion of the results that isn't a true
reflection of what's being investigated
Callista Roy Correct Answer How can I modify this patient's
environment to facilitate his or her adaptation?
Can an alternative hypothesis be proved? Correct Answer No.
Rather, show support for the alternate hypothesis by rejecting
the null.
Central Limit Theorem (CLT) Correct Answer the sampling
distribution derived from a simple random sample will be
approximately normally distributed
Chi-square test Correct Answer a statistical test used to
determine the probability of obtaining observed proportions by
chance, under a specific hypothesis
Allows you to determine difference in groups among nominal or
ordinal data
• Is the frequency in each category what you would expect by
chance?
Expresses a difference in proportions, NOT a difference in
means
, clinical significance Correct Answer degree to which research
findings have useful and meaningful applications to real
problems
coefficient of determination (r squared) Correct Answer
proportion of variability in the DV explained by the IVs
•Ex; In predicting infant birth weight, an R of .60 (R2 = .36)
would indicate that the IVs accounted for about 36% (close to
1/3) of the variability in infants' birth weight. Close to 2/3 of the
variability was caused by other factors
Cohen's Kappa Correct Answer a commonly used indicator of
interrater reliability
0.8 or better is generally assumed to indicate good interrrater
reliability
Comparative study Correct Answer Seeks to find relationships
between independent and dependent variables after an action or
event has already occurred.
Concept Correct Answer An image or symbolic representation
of an abstract idea, the key identified element of a phenomenon
that is necessary to understand it.
concurrent validity Correct Answer is the degree of correlation
of two measures of the same construct administered at the same
time.
3 Criteria for establishing cause and effect Correct Answer 1.
Causal variable and effect variable must be associated with each
other.
2. Cause must precede the effect.
3. The relationship must not be explained by another
(extraneous) variable.
3 research paradigms Correct Answer 1. Epistemology
2. Ontology
3. Methodology
3 types of quantitative research design Correct Answer
experimental, quasi-experimental, non-experimental
Accuracy Correct Answer All aspects of a study systematically
and logically follow from the research problem
Advantages & Disadvantages of Quasi-Experimental Design
Correct Answer Advantages:
- Practical and more feasible, especially in clinical settings
- Some generalizability
- more adaptable to the real-world practice setting
Disadvantages
- Difficult to make clear cause-and-effect statements
- May not be able to randomize
Advantages vs Disadvantages of Experimental Design Correct
Answer Advantages:
,- Most appropriate for testing cause-and-effect relationships
- Provides highest level of evidence for single studies
Disadvantages:
-Participant mortality ... especially control group participants
-Difficult logistics in field settings
-Not all research questions are amenable to experimental
manipulation or randomization
-Hawthorne effect
after-only design Correct Answer An experimental design with
two randomly assigned groups—a treatment group and a control
group. This design differs from the true experiment in that both
groups are measured only after the experimental treatment.
Alternate Hypothesis (Ha) Correct Answer •What the
researcher believes the outcome will be
•Directional or non-directional
ANOVA (analysis of variance) Correct Answer Purpose:
•To test differences in means between independent groups
•When 3+ groups being compared on one DV
•Participants are tested only once
antecedent variable Correct Answer Occur before the study
(age, gender, socioeconomic status, and health status)
beta coefficient Correct Answer degree of change in the DV for
every 1-unit change in the IV
,Betty Newman's System Model Correct Answer Community
mental health, Patient's relationship to stress and how they cope
with it. Each client is unique, Must focus on whole person, Open
to environment, Many known, unknown and universal stressors,
Wellness and illness are a continuum.
Bias Correct Answer Distortion of the results that isn't a true
reflection of what's being investigated
Callista Roy Correct Answer How can I modify this patient's
environment to facilitate his or her adaptation?
Can an alternative hypothesis be proved? Correct Answer No.
Rather, show support for the alternate hypothesis by rejecting
the null.
Central Limit Theorem (CLT) Correct Answer the sampling
distribution derived from a simple random sample will be
approximately normally distributed
Chi-square test Correct Answer a statistical test used to
determine the probability of obtaining observed proportions by
chance, under a specific hypothesis
Allows you to determine difference in groups among nominal or
ordinal data
• Is the frequency in each category what you would expect by
chance?
Expresses a difference in proportions, NOT a difference in
means
, clinical significance Correct Answer degree to which research
findings have useful and meaningful applications to real
problems
coefficient of determination (r squared) Correct Answer
proportion of variability in the DV explained by the IVs
•Ex; In predicting infant birth weight, an R of .60 (R2 = .36)
would indicate that the IVs accounted for about 36% (close to
1/3) of the variability in infants' birth weight. Close to 2/3 of the
variability was caused by other factors
Cohen's Kappa Correct Answer a commonly used indicator of
interrater reliability
0.8 or better is generally assumed to indicate good interrrater
reliability
Comparative study Correct Answer Seeks to find relationships
between independent and dependent variables after an action or
event has already occurred.
Concept Correct Answer An image or symbolic representation
of an abstract idea, the key identified element of a phenomenon
that is necessary to understand it.
concurrent validity Correct Answer is the degree of correlation
of two measures of the same construct administered at the same
time.
