Bio 181 Lab Final
How does substrate/enzyme concentration affect enzymatic activity? - ✔️✔️If there is
too much substrate compared to the enzyme, enzymatic activity will plateau
Increasing the amount of enzymes will increase the rate of enzymatic activity
How do enzymes catalyze reactions? - ✔️✔️By forming a substrate-enzyme complex.
The enzyme brings the substrates together and put stress to break the bonds. Enzymes
create a micro-environment or break bonds
What is a catalyst? - ✔️✔️A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
without being used up
What is an enzyme? - ✔️✔️A biological molecule that increases the rate of a chemical
reaction without being consumed, usually a protein.
What is the activation energy? - ✔️✔️The energy required to convert a substrate to a
product
What are 7 properties of enzymes? - ✔️✔️Most are proteins.
Highly specific to - usually - one substrate.
They form an enzyme-substrate complex:
E + S ↔ ES → P + E
They do not affect the direction of a reaction.
They lower the energy of activation of a reaction.
They are not consumed in the reaction.
They are often highly regulated.
How does an inhibitor work? - ✔️✔️Prevents binding of the target molecule of the
enzyme by binding to the active site or another site
What are the 2 types of inhibitors? - ✔️✔️Competitive and Noncompetitive
What affects enzymatic activity? - ✔️✔️Substrate specificity, substrate/enzyme
concentration, pH and temperature
, How does substrate specificity affect enzymatic activity? - ✔️✔️Substrate specificity is
a term for the fact that each enzyme generally converts only one specific substrate for
one specific reaction. The more specific a substrate is, the enzyme will want to react
with that substrate
How does pH affect enzymatic activity? - ✔️✔️Enzymes function in a certain pH, if the
pH changes more acidic or basic the enzyme's functional groups change. This changes
the structure. Extreme pH can denature enzymes by breaking the hydrogen bonds
between them
How does temperature affect enzymatic activity? - ✔️✔️Enzymes function in an optimal
temperature, if the temperature changes their function changes. Extreme high
temperatures or cold temperatures denature an enzymes. Some cold temperatures the
enzyme can renature
How are enzymes regulated in the body? - ✔️✔️Optimal temp: 35-40
Optimal pH: 6-8
Feedback inhibition regulates what enzymes are in use and if they are needed
What depends through cell division? - ✔️✔️Continuity of life
What are daughter cells? - ✔️✔️Offspring of parent cells
What is the way chromosomes are formed? - ✔️✔️Genome - Nucleosomes -Chromatin
- Chromosomes
What is a genome? - ✔️✔️DNA's genetic info
What is chromatin? - ✔️✔️DNA and proteins complex in chromosomes
What are somatic cells? - ✔️✔️Cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes, for example 46
chromosomes in the human body
What are gametes? - ✔️✔️Reproductive cells with half the chromosomes, for example
23 chromosomes in the human body
What are sister chromatids? - ✔️✔️Joined copies of original chromosomes
What proteins attach sister chromatids? - ✔️✔️Cohesins
What separates sister chromatids? - ✔️✔️Separase
How does substrate/enzyme concentration affect enzymatic activity? - ✔️✔️If there is
too much substrate compared to the enzyme, enzymatic activity will plateau
Increasing the amount of enzymes will increase the rate of enzymatic activity
How do enzymes catalyze reactions? - ✔️✔️By forming a substrate-enzyme complex.
The enzyme brings the substrates together and put stress to break the bonds. Enzymes
create a micro-environment or break bonds
What is a catalyst? - ✔️✔️A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
without being used up
What is an enzyme? - ✔️✔️A biological molecule that increases the rate of a chemical
reaction without being consumed, usually a protein.
What is the activation energy? - ✔️✔️The energy required to convert a substrate to a
product
What are 7 properties of enzymes? - ✔️✔️Most are proteins.
Highly specific to - usually - one substrate.
They form an enzyme-substrate complex:
E + S ↔ ES → P + E
They do not affect the direction of a reaction.
They lower the energy of activation of a reaction.
They are not consumed in the reaction.
They are often highly regulated.
How does an inhibitor work? - ✔️✔️Prevents binding of the target molecule of the
enzyme by binding to the active site or another site
What are the 2 types of inhibitors? - ✔️✔️Competitive and Noncompetitive
What affects enzymatic activity? - ✔️✔️Substrate specificity, substrate/enzyme
concentration, pH and temperature
, How does substrate specificity affect enzymatic activity? - ✔️✔️Substrate specificity is
a term for the fact that each enzyme generally converts only one specific substrate for
one specific reaction. The more specific a substrate is, the enzyme will want to react
with that substrate
How does pH affect enzymatic activity? - ✔️✔️Enzymes function in a certain pH, if the
pH changes more acidic or basic the enzyme's functional groups change. This changes
the structure. Extreme pH can denature enzymes by breaking the hydrogen bonds
between them
How does temperature affect enzymatic activity? - ✔️✔️Enzymes function in an optimal
temperature, if the temperature changes their function changes. Extreme high
temperatures or cold temperatures denature an enzymes. Some cold temperatures the
enzyme can renature
How are enzymes regulated in the body? - ✔️✔️Optimal temp: 35-40
Optimal pH: 6-8
Feedback inhibition regulates what enzymes are in use and if they are needed
What depends through cell division? - ✔️✔️Continuity of life
What are daughter cells? - ✔️✔️Offspring of parent cells
What is the way chromosomes are formed? - ✔️✔️Genome - Nucleosomes -Chromatin
- Chromosomes
What is a genome? - ✔️✔️DNA's genetic info
What is chromatin? - ✔️✔️DNA and proteins complex in chromosomes
What are somatic cells? - ✔️✔️Cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes, for example 46
chromosomes in the human body
What are gametes? - ✔️✔️Reproductive cells with half the chromosomes, for example
23 chromosomes in the human body
What are sister chromatids? - ✔️✔️Joined copies of original chromosomes
What proteins attach sister chromatids? - ✔️✔️Cohesins
What separates sister chromatids? - ✔️✔️Separase
