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PSY 290A Final Study Set Questions with correct Answers 2024/2025( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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PSY 290A Final Study Set Questions with correct Answers 2024/2025( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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PSY 290A Final Study SetIt is widely considered ethical to coerce participants to participate in a study if the research
findings could be very beneficial to society. - ANS False
It is always necessary to have at least 25-30 participants in a study - ANS False
A major goal of research is to ____ from a small group of participants included in a study to the
larger group from which they came. - ANS generalize
Which sampling technique is most likely to result in a biased sample? - ANS Convenience
Sampling
A researcher recruits a sample of 25 preschool children for a research study by posting an
announcement in a local daycare center describing the study and offering a $10 payment for
participation. What kind of sampling is the researcher using? - ANS Convenience sampling
The specific treatment conditions that are used in an experiment are called the ____. - ANS
levels of the independent variable
Dr. Jones systematically varies the brightness in the laboratory (400, 800, and 1600 lumens)
while holding other variables constant, and observes that the participants' activity level
decreases as the brightness decreases. This illustrates ____. - ANS a causal relationship
between brightness and activity level
Differential attrition can threaten the internal validity of a between-subjects experiment. - ANS
True
If a between-subjects experiment produces 50 scores in treatment 1 and 50 scores in treatment
2, then the experiment must have employed ____. - ANS 100 participants
A disadvantage of holding a variable constant is that it limits an experiment's external validity. -
ANS True
In a within-subjects study that extends over a relatively long time, it is possible that there will be
systematic changes in the participants' skills or knowledge during the time of the study. When
these changes influence the participants' scores, causing scores at the end of the study to be
different from scores at the beginning, the effect is called ____. - ANS maturation
,For a within-subjects experiment, one advantage of a two-treatment design compared to a
multiple-treatment design is that it is easier to counterbalance. - ANS True
The Spearman correlation is used when both scores are _____. - ANS From the ordinal scale
Both correlational studies and differential research examine the relationship between two
variables. - ANS True
A researcher knows that there is a relationship between obesity and watching television for
young children. However, it is not known whether children watch more TV because they are
overweight, or whether they are overweight because they watch so much TV. This is an
example of the directionality problem. - ANS True
The case study design can be used to establish causal relationships between variables. - ANS
False
If a frequency distribution is shown in a bar graph, what scale was used to measure the scores?
- ANS nominal or ordinal
It is always possible that patterns observed in sample data do not accurately represent patterns
in the population. - ANS True
A variable measured on the nominal scale of measurement is akin to: - ANS label data
NOT NUMERICAL
Measuring levels of circulating cortisol (a stress hormone) is an example of operationally
defining the variable Stress. - ANS true
Deliberately putting inaccurate information in a research report is an example of fraud. - ANS
True
The primary advantage of a stratified random sample is that it ____. - ANS ensures that group
sizes will be adequate for statistical analysis
Simple random sampling without replacement means that the likelihood of selecting one specific
individual will depend on which other individuals are selected for the sample. - ANS True
A researcher intends to compare two different treatment conditions. Participants for the first
treatment are selected and tested early in the school semester, and participants for the second
treatment are selected and tested late in the semester. In this study, the time-of-testing
represents a confounding variable. - ANS True
,In an experiment, the process of manipulation involves changing the value of the dependent
variable from one treatment condition to another. - ANS False
In an experiment, manipulation of the independent variable requires ____. - ANS creating at
least 2 treatment conditions defined by 2 different levels of the independent variable
Researchers typically try to ____. - ANS increases the differences between treatments and
decreases the variance within treatments.
What is the most common statistical analysis for a single-factor two-group design (hint: you are
comparing two groups to see if they are different). - ANS anova
An advantage of between-subjects designs is that they require fewer participants than are
typically needed for within-subjects designs. - ANS False
Increasing variance within groups ____ the likelihood of finding a difference between the
treatment conditions. - ANS decreases
What is a big advantage of using a multiple-treatment design? - ANS The data can provide
more in-depth information about the relationship between the independent and dependent
variables.
The tendency for individuals who have extreme scores (high or low) on one measurement and
to have less extreme scores on a second measurement is called ____. - ANS regression
toward the mean
If the data in a scatter plot form a nearly perfect circle, the Pearson correlation would be
approximately ____. - ANS zero
A researcher reports a significant correlation using an alpha level of .01. The probability that the
researcher is making a Type I error is p < .01. - ANS True
The Tuskegee study involved ____. - ANS failing to provide treatment for men with syphilis
One responsibility of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to ensure that ____. - ANS human
participants will be kept safe in research
When a sample has the same characteristics as the target population, the sample is said to be
a(n) ____ sample. - ANS representative
To select a sample of 10 employees from a factory workforce of 100, a researcher puts each
employee's name on a slip of paper, then shuffles the papers in a hat and randomly picks 10
names. What kind of sampling is being used? - ANS Probability
, The purpose of an experiment is to demonstrate that changes in one variable are responsible
for causing changes in a second variable. - ANS True
In an experiment, participants are randomly assigned to treatment conditions ____. - ANS to
help protect the internal validity of the study
Holding a participant characteristic (such as age or gender) constant strengthens ____ and
weakens ____. - ANS internal validity; external validity
In a between-subjects experiment, increasing the variance within treatments increases the
likelihood of finding significant differences between treatments. - ANS False
Researchers use random assignment in an effort to create groups that are as similar as
possible. - ANS True
For a within-subjects study comparing two treatments, A and B, a researcher expects that
practice in the first treatment will improve the participants' scores in the second treatment. If the
order of treatments is counterbalanced, then the practice will ____. - ANS influence scores in
treatment A for half the participants and scores in treatment B for half the participants
A matched-subjects design attempts to gain the advantages of a within-subjects design,
although it actually compares different groups of participants. - ANS True
A researcher reports a positive relationship between sugar consumption and activity level for a
group of eight-year-old children. However, the researcher cannot be sure whether the extra
sugar is causing the children to be more active or whether the extra activity is causing the
children to eat more sugar. This is an example of the ____. - ANS directionality problem
The ____ method for quantifying observations involves counting the number of times a behavior
occurs in a specified period of time. - ANS frequency
The concept of degrees of freedom is associated with the ____. - ANS variance for a sample
In a distribution with a mean of M = 36 and a standard deviation of SD = 8, a score of 40 would
be considered an extreme value. - ANS False
When comparing means in a single-factor multiple group design, which statistical analysis is
most appropriate? - ANS Single-factor analysis of variance
A scatter plot shows a set of data points that are clustered close to a line that slopes down to
the right. Which value would be closest to the correlation for these data? - ANS -0.8
Research studies consistently demonstrate that debriefing participants effectively eliminates the
problems caused by deception. - ANS False
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