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Critical Care Transport/Flight Paramedic Questions And Answers Physiologically deficient zone Atmospheric zone; 10,000-50,000 ft; noticeable deficits to humans; reduced barometric pressure results in poor oxygen exchange; most noticeable impairment is hypoxia (trapped gases can also cause hyp...

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  • October 19, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Critical Care Transport/Flight Paramedic
Questions And Answers

Physiologically deficient zone Atmospheric zone; 10,000-50,000 ft; noticeable deficits to

humans; reduced barometric pressure results in poor oxygen exchange; most noticeable

impairment is hypoxia (trapped gases can also cause hypoxia)




Space equivalent zone Atmospheric zone; 50,000-250,000 ft; environment incompatible

with human life; pressurized suits and sealed cabins required; impairments include hypoxia,

trapped gas, and emboli




Boyle's Law Gas law; When temperature remains constant, the volume of a gas is

inversely proportional to its pressure; As a gas bubble ascends, it expands. As it descends, it gets

smaller; P1(V1) = P2(V2)




Charles' Law Gas law; At a constant pressure, the volume of gas is directly proportional to

its temperature; For every 1,000 ft (333 meters) of altitude increase, temperature decreases 2

degrees Celsius; V1/T1 = V2/T2

, Critical Care Transport/Flight Paramedic
Questions And Answers
Ideal Gas Law Gas law; created to explain Boyle's Law vs. Charles Law; It takes a large

amount of temperature change to affect a small amount of volume; pV = nRT (absolute pressure

of gas x volume = amount of substance x gas constant x absolute temperature)




Dalton's Law Gas law; The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the individual

partial pressure of all the gas in the mixture; As altitude increases, the amount of oxygen

molecules decreases, but the percentage of molecules remains the same; Pt = P1 + P2 + P3... (Pt

= total pressure of a gas)




Henry's Law Gas law; The amount of gas in a solution is proportional to the partial

pressure of gas in contact with the liquid; decompression sickness: increased nitrogen absorbed

into the blood at depth, nitrogen "bubbles" exit the blood with rapid change in air pressure; soda

bottle: CO2 held in suspension by pressure, lid is removed and CO2 exits to equalize with

atmospheric pressure; P = KHC




Graham's Law Gas law; With temperature and pressure held constant, the relative rate of

diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square roots of the density of those gases; The

less dense the gas, the more rapidly the gas will diffuse through the air; Lighter gases diffuse

more rapidly in narrowed peripheral airways (heliox); CO2 has a solubility factor 19 times

greater than O2 and will more rapidly diffuse across a membrane

, Critical Care Transport/Flight Paramedic
Questions And Answers

15 PSI/1 atm Amount of pressure at 33 ft of ocean depth




indifferent stage first of the four stages of hypoxia; sea level to 10,000 ft in altitude;

33,000-39,000 ft if breathing 100% oxygen; SpO2 of 90-95%; night vision lost 5,000 ft; slight

increase in heart rate and respiratory rate




compensatory stage second of the four stages of hypoxia; 10,000-15,000 ft in altitude;

39,000-42,000 ft if breathing 100% oxygen; SpO2 80-90%; signs and symptoms include

deceased alertness, subtle errors in judgement, fatigue, irritability, headache, tachycardia,

tachypnea, increased blood pressure, increased tidal volume, altered mental status




disturbance stage third of the four stages of hypoxia, 15,000-20,000 ft in altitude; 42,000-

45,200 ft if breathing 100% oxygen; SpO2 70-80%; signs and symptoms include fatigue,

dizziness, cyanosis, impairment, tachypnea, altered mental status, impaired central and

peripheral vision, and personality changes; period of useful consciousness is 15-20 minutes




critical stage last of the four stages of hypoxia; 20,000-23,000 ft in altitude, 45,200-

46,800 ft if breathing 100% oxygen; SpO2 60-70%; signs and symptoms include severe altered

, Critical Care Transport/Flight Paramedic
Questions And Answers
mental status, seizures, impairment, unconsciousness, severe mental and physical capacitation,

and death




hypoxic hypoxia one of the four types of hypoxia; inadequate oxygenation secondary to

reduced partial pressures of oxygen in inspired air; caused by reduced PaO2, impaired gas

exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane, or impaired ventilation




anemic (hypemic) hypoxia one of the four types of hypoxia; inadequate tissue

oxygenation secondary to reduced to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity (from either inadequate

availability of oxygen molecules or obstructive pathology that prevents oxygen from diffusing

across alveolar membranes); caused by CO poisoning, anemia, blood loss, drugs causing

methemoglobinemia, alcohol use or abuse, COPD, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, or pulmonary

embolism




stagnant hypoxia one of the four types of hypoxia; inadequate tissue oxygenation

secondary to reduced cardiac output, pooling of blood, reduced blood flow to tissues, or

restriction of blood flow; cause by heart failure, shock, gravitational forces, positive pressure

ventilation, or pulmonary embolism

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