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NWHSU Microbiology Midterm Exam Questions And Answers What order of magnitude is the size of a bacterium? 10^-6 or 1-10 micro meters What is the structure and function of glycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, pili?" Glycocalyces: polysaccharides, or polysaccharides mixed with proteins Flagella:...

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  • October 19, 2024
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NWHSU Microbiology Midterm Exam
Questions And Answers

What order of magnitude is the size of a bacterium? 10^-6 or 1-10 micro meters




What is the structure and function of glycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, pili?" Glycocalyces:

polysaccharides, or polysaccharides mixed with proteins

Flagella: protein

Fimbriae: short proteins

Pili: protein tubes




Which of these structures are known virulence factors? Glycocalyx/capsule




Which structures contribute to biofilm formation? Glycocalyx (slime layer), fimbrae




Name the various types of flagella arrangements that can be used to identify bacteria.

Monotrichous (one), amphitrichous (one on both ends), lophotrichous (tuft), peritrichous

(360 degrees)




Which stain makes glycocalyces/capsules visible in the microscope? Negative stain

, NWHSU Microbiology Midterm Exam
Questions And Answers

How do spirochetes move? Corkscrew motion




Name the major components of a gram-positive/gram-negative cell wall. What is the appearance

of gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria? Gram positive cell wall: Thick layer of

peptidoglycan, containing unique polyalcohols called teichoic acids. Gram stain appearance is

purple. Gram negative cell walls: Thin layer of peptidoglycan, with an outer membrane

containing proteins, and lippolysaccharides. Produce endotoxins, and appear pink with the Gram

stain. The endo toxin is a lipid A molecule embedded in the outer membrane.




What are the structural features used for identification of bacteria? Arrangement of

flagella, capsule, shape and arrangement of cells, gram stain, endospores, inclusions, and specific

stains




What is the clinical importance of the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative

bacteria? Gram negative bacteria produce endotoxins (lipid A of lipopolysaccharides),

released when cells die. Some gram positive (and a few gram negative bacteria) produce

exotoxins, which are released by living cells; some exotoxins cause very severe symptoms. Gram

positive bacteria are susceptible to lysozyme and antibiotics that interfere with cell-wall

biosynthesis, e.g. penicillin, while gram negative b

, NWHSU Microbiology Midterm Exam
Questions And Answers
acteria are more resistant to lysozyme and penicillin and similar antibiotics




For which types of bacteria is the acid-fast stain used? Why is it needed? Organisms with

a cell wall that is rich in lipids and waxes. The two general that are acid fast include

Mycobacterium and nocardia. The acid fast stain is used because the walls are relatively

impermeable, so heat is used to drive the stain into the cell wall. The impermeable wall also

makes these organisms resilient to disinfectants.




How are cytoplasmic membranes of prokaryotes different from those of eukaryotes?

There's no cholesterol in the prokaryotic (bacteria) membranes




Know the fundamental principles of metabolism (terminology, energy, redox)

Metabolism: Sum of all biochemical reactions (in a cell or organism)


Anabolism: Sum of all biosynthetic reactions Catabolism: Sum of all degradative reactions

Catabolic pathways are oxidative and yield ATP Anabolic pathways are reductive and require

ATP




What gets recycled in fermentation for and for what purpose? NADH (to NAD+) for

glycolysis

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