Exam (elaborations)

BIO 240 Module1 Questions and Correct Answers the Latest Update and Recommended Version

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Course
BIO 240

Institution
BIO 240

What are the two types of bone? → compact and spongy Compact bone → (dense/cortical bone) rigid connective bone tissue that appears white, smooth, and solid; 80% of total bone mass Spongy bone → (cancellous/trabecular bone) located internal to compact bone and appears porous; 20% of ...

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BIO 240 Module1 Questions and Correct
Answers the Latest Update and
Recommended Version
What are the two types of bone?

→ compact and spongy

Compact bone

→ (dense/cortical bone) rigid connective bone tissue that appears white, smooth, and
solid; 80% of total bone mass

Spongy bone

→ (cancellous/trabecular bone) located internal to compact bone and appears porous;
20% of total bone mass

cartilage

→ semirigid connective tissue that is more flexible than bone

What are the the types of cartilage?

→ hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Hyaline Cartliage

→ attaches ribs to sternum (costal cartilage), covers bone edges (articular cartilage),
withing growth plates (epiphyseal plates), and provides model for formation of fetal
skeleton

Fibrocartilage

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→ A weight-bearing cartilage that withstands compression; forms the intervertebral discs,
the pubic symphysis & cartilage pads of the knee joints (menisci)

Ligaments

→ dense regular connective tissue anchors bone to bone

Tendons

→ dense regular connective tissue anchors muscle to bone

What are the components of our skeletal system?

→ skeletal bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and other connective tissue

What are the basic functions of bones?

→ support and protection, levers of movement, hematopoiesis, and storage of mineral
and energy reserves.

Give an example of bones providing protection and support.

→ rib cage shielding heart and lungs, pelvis encloses urinary and reproductive organs as
well as the end of the gastrointestinal tract

Give an example of bones providing a lever for movement.

→ bones are the attachment sites for skeletal muscles. When the muscle contracts it will
pull on the skeleton which functions as a system of levers.

Hematopoiesis

→ blood cell formation; occurs in red bone marrow, which contain stem cells

How do bones serve as mineral and energy reserves?

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→ bones store most calcium and phosphate; Calcium is important for muscle contraction
and blood clotting; Phosphate is used in ATP and phospholipids
→ When needed, bone connective tissue is broken down and minerals are released into
blood
→ Energy from lipids can be stored in yellow bone marrow

What are the four classes of bones?

→ long, short, flat, irregular

Long bones

→ long than they are wide; most common

short bones

→ length nearly equal to width; carpals and tarsals

Flat bones

→ flat, thin surface to provide for muscle attachment and protection of underlying soft
tissue; roof of skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs

Irregular bones

→ don't fit into other categories; vertebrae, ossa coxae

diaphysis of a long bone

→ the shaft of a long bone; composed of compact bone with spongy bone interior

medullary cavity (long bone)

→ hollow, cylindrical cavity within shaft of long bone filled with yellow bone marrow

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epiphysis of long bone

→ knobby ends of the bone, composed mostly of spongy bone with an outer shell of
compact bone

What type of cartilage covers the surface of joints?

→ articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage); helps reduce friction and absorbs shock

Metaphysis (long bone)

→ region between diaphysis and epiphysis

epiphyseal plate

→ growth plate; thin layer of hyaline cartilage; found in the metaphysis region of long
bones

epiphyseal line

→ remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones

Periosteum (long bone)

→ membrane covering the surface of bones (except where there is articular cartilage);
consists of two layers:
→ Outer fibrous layer of dense irregular CT and inner cellular layer

What is the purpose of the periosteum outer layer?

→ protects bone from surrounding structures, anchors blood vessels and nerves to surface
of bone, and attachment site for ligaments and tendons

What is the purpose of the periosteum inner layer?

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