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CRIM 249 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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CRIM 249 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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CRIM 249 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERSLenses to view Crime - Answers-Normative, Legal, Medical, Psychological, Sociological
Descriptive theory - Answers-Seeks understanding by describing and capturing in
statistical terms and the decisions that people make.
Explanatory theory - Answers-explains a range of phenomena rather than a specific
instance of a problem.
Genuine scientific theories must be... - Answers-empirical, testable, falsifiable
Levels of theory and analysis - Answers-micro, meso, macro
Intervening variable - Answers-a third variable, sometimes overlooked, that explains the
relationship between two other variables
Moderating variable - Answers-variable that changes the nature of the relationship
between two other variables
Types of empirical relationships - Answers-Direct cause, indirect cause, reciprocal
relationship, multiple (additive) cause
Interaction effects - Answers-The effect of A on C depends on B
Quantitative data - Answers-numerical data (aggregate or individual)
Qualitative data - Answers-Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other
physical characteristic (ethnographic or historical)
Types of research methods - Answers-experiment, analysis, surveys, ethnography,
historical
National Crime Statistics - Answers-Uniform Crime Reports, National Crime
Victimization Survey, National Incident Based Reporting System
About 70% of crime is committed by people between - Answers-15-24
Deterrence - Answers-the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of
punishment
Absolute deterrence - Answers-the effect of having some legal punishment versus the
effect of having no legal punishment
How do we judge explanations for crime? - Answers-Logical consistency, scope,
parsimony, testability, empirical validity
, Advocacy - Answers-public support for a cause or policy
activism - Answers-the policy or action of using vigorous campaigning to bring about
political or social change
Elements of casual logic - Answers-Correlation, time order, ruling out spuriousness
(endogeneity)
Dependent variable - Answers-The outcome factor; the variable that may change in
response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Independent variable - Answers-The experimental factor that is manipulated; the
variable whose effect is being studied.
Marginal deterrence - Answers-Severe crime=severe punishment; deters criminals from
committing multiple crimes
Three variables that directly affect deterrence - Answers-Certainty, Speed (Celerity), and
Severity
Which produces the most marginal deterrence? - Answers-Certainty
Specific Deterrence - Answers-punishment inflicted on criminals to discourage them
from committing future crimes
General deterrence - Answers-punishment of criminals that is intended to be an
example to the general public and to discourage the commission of offenses
Objective deterrence - Answers-the impact of actual legal punishment
Perceptual deterrence - Answers-The theory that the perceived certainty, severity, and
celerity of punishment are inversely related to the decisions by would-be offenders to
commit crime, regardless of the actual likelihood of being apprehended and punished.
People who believe they will be punished will be deterred even if the actual likelihood of
punishment is insignificant.
Instrumental Crime - Answers-offenses designed to improve the financial or social
position of the criminal
Expressive crime - Answers-A criminal offense that results from acts of interpersonal
hostility, such as jealousy, revenge, romantic triangles, and quarrels.
High commitment criminal - Answers-
Low commitment criminal - Answers-
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