NURS 3106/ Fundamentals/ Exam 2
Questions And Correct Answers
What are the four basic elements of normal movement? - answer✔- Body alignment (posture)
- Joint mobility
- Balance
- Coordinated movement
Body Alignment - answer✔- brings body parts into a position that promotes optimal balance and
body function
- refers to the relationship of one body part to another along a horizontal or vertical line
- correct involves positioning in which no excessive strain is placed on a persons joints, tendons,
ligaments, or muscles thereby maintain adequate muscle tone and contributing to balance
What does the ability to engage in normal physical activity and exercise depend on? - answer✔-
intact and functioning nervous and musculoskeletal systems
- if you do not practice proper body mechanics and principles both nurse and patient can be
injured
Center of Gravity - answer✔- is balanced over a wide, stable base of support and a vertical line
falls from the center of gravity through the base of support
- if this does not occur the body loses balance
Coordinated body movement is a result of ________. - answer✔- weight
- center of gravity
- balance
Coordinated movement - answer✔-complex mechanisms
- proprioception: Awareness of posture, movement, changes in equilibrium
Friction - answer✔-is a force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement
- reduce friction by: decrease an objects surface area (patient cross arms when pulling up in bed),
get patient to bend legs and push to reduce friction, and use air assist devices when preforming
lateral patient transfers
Activity Tolerance - answer✔- or the type and amount of exercise or activity that the patient is
able to preform
- physiological, emotional, and developmental factors influence this
Isotonic exercises - answer✔- cause muscle contraction and change in muscle length
- ex: ADLs and conditioning exercises:walking,swimming,dance aerobics,jogging,bicycling,and
moving arms and legs with light resistance
- benefits: enhance circulatory and respiratory functioning; increase muscle mass, tone, and
strength; and promote osteoblastic activity, maintain joint flexibility and circulation
- Heart rate and cardiac output increase
Isometric Exercises - answer✔- involve tightening or tensing muscles without moving body parts
- ex: quad set exercises, contraction of gluteal muscles
- benefits: increased muscle mass, tone, and strength (decrease muscle wasting); increased
circulation to the involved body part; and increased osteoblastic activity
- can be used for patients who do not tolerate increased activity, immobilized patients can
preform these in bed
- Heart rate and cardiac output mildly increase no apparent increase of blood flow to other parts
of the body
Resistive Isometic Exercises - answer✔- exercises in which the individual contracts the muscle
while pushing against a stationary object or resisting the movement of and object
- ex: pushups, hiplifting and footboards
- benefits: promote muscle strength, provide sufficient stress against bone to promote
osteoblastic activity
Aerobic - answer✔- activity during which the amount of O2 taken in the body is greater than that
used to preform the activity
Anaerobic - answer✔- activity in which the muscles cannot draw enough O2 from the
bloodstream
- anaerobic pathways are used to provide additional energy for a short time
- used in endurance training for athletes
What functions do bones preform? What is the most important to body mechanics? - answer✔-
support, mineral storage, protection, movement, and hemtopoises (blood cell formation)
- support and movement
Joints - answer✔is the connection between bones
- classified according to its structure and degree of mobility
Fibrous Joints - answer✔-fit closely together and are fixed, permitting little if any movement
Cartilaginous joints - answer✔have little movement but are elastic and use cartilage to unite
separate body surfaces
Synovial joints - answer✔- true joints
- hinge type are freely moving and most mobile, numerous, and automatically complex body
joints
Joint Mobility - answer✔- ROM is the maximum movement possible for a joint
- ROM varies and is determined by:genetic makeup (double jointed, hitch hikers thumb),
developmental patterns (nutrition can affect bone strength), presence or absence of disease, and
physical activity
Balance - answer✔- smooth purposeful movement
- result of proper functioning of: cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia
- brain trauma could affect balance
Cerebral cortex - answer✔Initiates voluntary movement
Cerebellum - answer✔Coordinated motor activity
Basal ganglia - answer✔Maintains posture
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