Exam (elaborations)
ASU BIO 182 EXAM 2 - Cala Review Questions and Answers Solved
- Course
- Bio 114
- Institution
- Arizona State University
ASU BIO 182 EXAM 2 - Cala Review Questions and Answers Solved
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ASU BIO 182 EXAM 2 - Cala- Dominant Allele
✅✅-What is Autosomal
- Males and females likely to inherit trait.
- "Dominant"- having at least one allele is all it takes -
Dominant Inheritance?
- Recessive Allele
- Males and Females equally affected
✅✅-What is Autosomal
- Needs both alleles to be recessive to have trait
- Having only one makes person a "carrier," no expression -
Recessive Inheritance?
- Mutations, change the genomic sequences
✅✅
- Mutation can, have no effect, create a different product, prevent gene from functioning
- Not all mutations are "bad" - -How do bad alleles happen?
✅✅
Mutations not transferred to next generation
Example: Cancer - -What are Somatic Mutations?
✅✅
If mutations occur in cells that become gametes (in Meiosis), mutations can be passed
to next generation - -When can mutations affect descending generations?
Radiation, Viruses, Chemicals, or errors during Meiosis or DNA replication - ✅✅-What
can cause mutations?
Phenotype dominant X Recessive - ✅✅-Homozygous parentals with different traits
Crossed F1 X F1 - ✅✅-What is a Monohybrid Cross?
Crossed F1 back to recessive parental - ✅✅-What is Backcross?
Used when more than two traits
0 = 0% & Event will not happen
1 = 100% & Event will happen
The sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes of an event must be 1
✅✅-What is Probability?
"and" --->Multiply
"or"----> Add -
- Probability that it's smooth = 3/4
- Probability that it's green = 1/4
✅✅
- Probability that it's smooth and green =
3/ 4 x 1/4 = 3/16 - -Genetic Example 1:
Mendel crossed two heterozygous smooth-, yellow-seeded F1 plants. What's the
probability that the offspring was smooth-, green-seeded?
,3/4 x 3/4 x 1/4 x 1/4 = 9/256 -✅✅ -Genetic Example 2:
What's the probability of obtaining a wrinkled-, green- seeded, tall, purple-flowered
offspring from a self-cross of heterozygous round-seeded, yellow-seeded, tall, purple-
flowered F1 pea plants?
- ✅✅-Genetic Example 3:
-0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25 - ✅✅-Probability Example 1:
Joe and Amy plan to have two children. Whats the probability that the first is a boy and
the second is a girl?
- 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 = (0.5)5 = 0.03125 -✅✅ -Probability Example 2:
What's the probability of having a family with all girl children, assuming the family has 5
children?
Two alleles both affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
I^A: Dominant
I^B: Dominant
✅✅
I^A and I^B: C0-Dominant
i: recessive - -What is Co-Dominance?
Type A glycoprotein on blood cell ONLY - ✅✅-How do blood types work?
Type A
Type B glycoprotein on blood cell ONLY - ✅✅-How do blood types work?
Type B
No recognizable glycoprotein from this group on blood cell - ✅✅-How do blood types
work?
O
Both A and B glycoproteins - ✅✅-How do blood types work?
AB
- Are proteins
✅✅
- If you don't normally have it and you get blood with it, your body's own antibodies will
attack it as foreign - -What are Glycoproteins?
Additional blood system describing many antigens on the blood cells
Rh positive (Rh+):
Blood cells have D antigen
✅✅-Rh +/-
Rh negative (Rh-):
Blood cells do not have D antigen -
Mendel (1865): OG
, - According to Mendel's law of independent assortment, alleles for different
characterisics always assort independently (H0)
- Morgan looked at two traits:
Body color (gray dominant) and wing shape (large wings dominant)
✅✅
- Morgan also discovered that even if genes are linked, they are not always inherited
together - -Linkage
Rare- genes at different loci on the same chromosome do sometimes separate
-Genes may recombine during prophase 1 of Meiosis by crossing over.
✅✅
-Chromosomes exchange corresponding segments. The exchange involves two
chromatids ir the tetrad; both chromatids become recombinant - -Genetic
Recombination: Absolute Linkage
Same gene, just slightly different alleles
Produces pheomelanin more than euomelanin - ✅✅-Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R)
gene
Recombinant offspring phenotypes (non-parental) appear in recombinant frequencies:
Divide # of recombinant offspring by total # of offspring
- Frequencies are greater for loci that are further apart
✅✅
- Frequencies can be used in calculating genetic distance and gene maps -
-Genetic Recombination
✅✅-Sex
- Genes on sex chromosomes don't follow Mendelian patterns
- Y chromosome carries few genes; the X chromosome carries many -
Linkage
Males only have one copy of these genes - ✅✅-Hemizygous
Character is controlled by loci on the sex chromosome
Ex: Eye color in Drosophila - ✅✅-Sex-linked inheritance
- Appear more often in males
- Daughters who are heterozygous are carriers
- Mutant phenotype can skip a generation if it passes from a male to his daughter
- Requires two alleles to affect the female phenotype
✅✅
-When said to express dominant inheritance, it means that a single dose of the allele
will affect the phenotype of the female - -X-linked recessive phenotypes
- male w/ single recessive allele (X^aY) will be colorblind
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