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Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231 Unit 3 Exam
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Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS231 Unit 3 Exam
Innate immunity is also known as natural immunity. Innate immunity is the first line of
defense. Innate immunity is already established before infection and can, therefore,
begin to function right away. It consists of physical, chemical, cellular, and molecular
defenses.
What is innate immunity?
The skin’s design makes it a strong physical barrier. It has closely packed cells in
multiple layers that are continuously being shed. Keratin covers the skin, which creates
a salty, acidic environment inhospitable to microbes. It also contains antimicrobial
proteins and lysozymes that inhibit microorganisms and help to destroy them.
How does the skin act as a physical barrier?
These are the following cells that include neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells
(DC), natural killer NK cells, and intraepithelial lymphocytes.
Which of the cells are involved in innate immunity?
Neutrophils are most abundant in the body. Neutrophils are an early responder in innate
immunity, kill microbes by phagocytosis.
Eosinophils active in parasitic infections and allergic responses.
Basophils release histamine and proteolytic enzymes.
,Monocytes are the largest in size, and leaving the bone marrow mature into
macrophages and dendritic cells. The mature cells participate in the inflammatory
response, and phagocytize foreign substances and cellular debris.
Macrophages have a long life span and reside in the tissues. These represent the first
phagocyte organisms encounter. Neutrophils and macrophages work together on
behalf of the host's initial defense system.
Describe each type of leukocyte listed and explain their function:
Adaptive immunity, also called acquired immunity, is the specific defense against
infectious agents that involves humoral and cellular components, both responding to
cell-specific substances called antigens. It is acquired throughout life as a result of
previous exposure, infection, and vaccinations, which prepare the body to fight future
infections. Besides distinguishing self from non-self, late immunity can recognize and
destroy particular foreign agents based on their unique antigenic profile. It takes longer
to develop but is very effective.
Explain adaptive immunity:
Antigens on a pathogen or other foreign substance interact with and stimulate the cells
of the adaptive immune system.
What is an antigen?
The major cells of adaptive immunity are lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, and
effector cells.
What are the cells that are primarily involved in adaptive immunity?
, B lymphocytes produce the antibodies, or humoral immunity, while T lymphocytes
provide cell-mediated immunity. Unlike all other cells, B and T lymphocytes are able to
recognize specific antigens on the surface of pathogens and remember them for future
infections.
Describe B & T lymphocytes and discuss their role in immunity:
B lymphocytes play a role in humoral immunity to produce antibodies
What is the function of humoral immunity?
The T lymphocytes are the cellular immunity and act to activate other T and B cells, as
well as control intracellular viral infections, reject foreign tissue grafts, activate
autoimmune processes, and activate delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
What does cellular immunity do?
CD4+ helper T cells
Who is the master regulator of the immune system?
Active immunity is achieved, whether by vaccination or exposure to an antigen, via an
active immune response. Active immunity is long-lasting but takes days to weeks after
the initial exposure before full development of a response.
Passive immunity is the immunity transferred from the other source. The most common
example is mother to the fetus, in which IgG antibodies are passed on either through the
placenta or through breast milk/colostrum. Passive immunity is a short-term protection
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