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USABO 2024 NEWEST EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+

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USABO 2024 NEWEST EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+ Barr body - Answer-A dense body formed from a deactivated X chromosome. Linked genes - Answer-Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. Genetic...

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  • October 21, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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USABO 2024 NEWEST EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY
GRADED A+

Barr body - Answer-A dense body formed from a deactivated X chromosome.

Linked genes - Answer-Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be
inherited together in genetic crosses.

Genetic recombination - Answer-The regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in
a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents.

Parental types - Answer-Offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental
phenotypes.

Recombinant types (recombinants) - Answer-An offspring whose phenotype differs from
that of the true-breeding P generation parents; also refers to the phenotype itself.

Crossing over - Answer-Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions
of their chromatids during meiosis.

Genetic map - Answer-An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular
chromosome.

Linkage map - Answer-A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination
between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.

Map units - Answer-A measurement of the distance between genes; one map unit is
equivalent to a 1 percent recombination frequency.

Cytogenetic maps - Answer-A chart of a chromosome that locates genes with respect to
chromosomal features distinguishable in a microscope.

Nondisjunction - Answer-An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of
homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from
each other.

What is the result of nondisjunction? - Answer-The result is gametes have too few or too
many chromosomes.

Aneuploidy - Answer-Abnormal number of chromosomes.

,Deletion - Answer-A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome
is removed.

Duplication - Answer-change to a chromosome in which part of the chromosome is
repeated

Inversion - Answer-A chromosomal mutation that reverses the direction of parts of a
chromosome

**See table 15.14 on page 298 for chromosomal alteration diagrams . . . - Answer-Ok

Translocation - Answer-Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one
chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome.

Down Syndrome - Answer-a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical
disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Genomic imprinting - Answer-a phenomenon in which expression of an allele in
offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent

DNA replication - Answer-The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.

Transformation (genetics) - Answer-A change in genotype and phenotype due to the
assimilation of external DNA by a cell.

Bacteriophages - Answer-A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.

Phages - Answer-A virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage.

Virus - Answer-A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living
cell.

Double helix - Answer-two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of
DNA

Antiparallel - Answer-The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a
DNA double helix.

Semiconservative model - Answer-Type of DNA replication in which the replicated
double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly
made strand.

Origins of replication - Answer-Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins,
consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.

,Replication fork - Answer-A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new
strands are growing.

Helicases - Answer-enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks

Single-strand binding proteins - Answer-A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA
strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve
as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA.

Topoisomerase - Answer-Enzyme that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve
strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.

Primer - Answer-A short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand

Primase - Answer-An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the
parental DNA strand as a template.

DNA polymerase - Answer-Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual
nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

Leading strand - Answer-The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized
along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.

Lagging strand - Answer-A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by
means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the
replication fork.

Okazaki Fragments - Answer-Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand
during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.

DNA ligase - Answer-A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the
covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain.

Mismatch repair - Answer-The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove
and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides.

Nuclease - Answer-An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few
bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides.

Nucleotide excision repair - Answer-A repair system that removes and then correctly
replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.

Telomeres - Answer-Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic
chromosomes.

, Telomerase - Answer-An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in
eukaryotic germ cells.

Nucleoid - Answer-A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the
DNA is concentrated.

Histones - Answer-protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

Nucleosome - Answer-repeating subunit of chromatin fibers, consisting of DNA coiled
around histones

Heterochromatin - Answer-Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during
interphase and is generally not transcribed.

Euchromatin - Answer-The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is
available for transcription.

Transcription - Answer-(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a
gene is copied into mRNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA) - Answer-A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA and attached
to ribosomes in the cytoplasm; it specifies the primary structure of a protein.

Translation - Answer-Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Ribosomes - Answer-site of protein synthesis

Primary transcript - Answer-The initial mRNA transcript that is transcribed from a protein
coding gene. Also called pre-mRNA.

Triplet code - Answer-A set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids
for polypeptide chains.

Template strand - Answer-The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the
sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA transcript.

Codons - Answer-A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a
particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.

Reading frame - Answer-On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by
the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis.

RNA polymerase - Answer-Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and
separates the DNA strands during transcription

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