Radiation - answer✔-Loss of heat through electromagnetic waves emitting from warm surfaces
(how we lose heat outside from skin or gain it, for example with a heat lamp)
Convection - answer✔-Transfer of heat through air or water currents (ex. fan, AC)
Evaporation - answer✔-Water converts to vapor and is lost from skin (perspiration, breathing
through mucous membranes)
Conduction - answer✔-Heat transferred from warm surfaces to cool surfaces (ex. putting ice on
an area, touching a cold surface like setting baby down on cold exam table)
Thermoregulation - answer✔Process of maintaining stable body temperature
Vasodilation - answer✔Diverts core warmed blood to the surface of skin to lower temperature
(happens when we're hot)
Vasoconstriction - answer✔Shunts blood from periphery to core to increase body temperature
(happens when cold)
Factors affecting temperature - answer✔-Developmental level (infants lose 30% of body heat
through their head, use non-shivering thermogenesis, older adults have trouble maintaining heat
because of decreased metabolism, loss of SQ tissue and loss of vasomotor control)
-Environment
-Gender
-Exercise (norepinephrine and epinephrine during activity)
-Circadian rhythm
BMR - answer✔-Basal metabolic rate
-Amount of energy needed to maintain body at rest
-Increases with fever, hyperthyroid
Temperature is controlled by - answer✔-Hypothalamus
Pyrexia - answer✔-Fever
-Oral temp over 100 or rectal temp over 101
-Increased HR, respiratory rate because BMR increases
-Moderate fever is up to 103, beneficial to immune response
Hyperpyrexia - answer✔-Abnormally high body temp, greater than 105.8
-Dangerous and requires intervention
-Confusion, seizures, coma, brain damage
-Occurs in response to pyrogen (fever causing substance) that stimulates phagocytes that secrete
IL-1 to induce prostaglandin secretion; this resets hypothalamus to higher temperature
4 functions of fever - answer✔1. Kills/inhibits growth of microorganisms
2. Enhances phagocytosis
3. Causes breakdown of lysosomes and self-destruction of virally infected cells
4. Causes release of interferon
Hypothermia - answer✔-Core temp less than 95 Fahrenheit or 35 Celsius in adults, less than 36.5
in newborns
-Drug intoxication, extreme cold, surgery or metabolic/neuro dysfunction
-Shivering, exhaustion, confusion, fumbling hands, slurring, memory loss, cyanosis, decreased
HR/respiratory rate, dilated pupils, arrythmias, drowsiness, babies can have bright red cold skin
and low energy
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