Exam (elaborations)
2024 NR 283 PATHO FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NR 283 PATHO FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NR 283 PATHO FINAL EXAMWITH CORRECT ANSWERS
What is hypoxemia? - CORRECT-ANSWERS↓O2 in the blood (Side note:
Hypoxia is decreased O2 at the tissue level)
What is the difference between hypoxemia and ischemia? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSIschemia is the decrease of blood supply to a tissue. It can be local,
caused locally by a thrombus or embolus, or global due to a low perfusion
pressure. (PARTIAL BLOCKAGE)
Hypoxia is lack of oxygen to a tissue from any cause
Hypoventilation - CORRECT-ANSWERSRespirations are decreased, CO2 is
increased, decreased pH Respiratory Acidosis Pulmonary Edema*, drug
overdose.
Obstructed airway issues Asthma, COPD, have chronic respiratory acidosis.
What is cyanosis? Where can it be seen? - CORRECT-ANSWERSBlueish color
from lack of O2. Can be seen in fingers and toes.
What is dyspnea? - CORRECT-ANSWERSDifficulty breathing
What is apnea? - CORRECT-ANSWERSNo breathing, or stopping of breathing.
What is orthopnea? - CORRECT-ANSWERSHad to sit up to sleep, hard to
breath laying down.
What substances are release during allergic reaction? - CORRECT-
ANSWERSHistamine
Two major cells in asthma that cause swelling - CORRECT-ANSWERSMast
Cells
Eosinophils
How to prevent skin cancer? - CORRECT-ANSWERSSun screen, stay out of the
sun between 10 am and 2 pm, and wear clothing to cover your skin.
MI - CORRECT-ANSWERSNo oxygen (anoxia) complete block in blood vessel
,What will cause urticarial (hives). What is it? - CORRECT-ANSWERSA skin rash
triggered by a reaction to food, medicine, or other irritants.
Urticaria is characterized by white fluid-filled blisters (wheals) surrounded by
areas of redness (flares).
-This wheal and flare reaction is usually accompanied by pruritus.
Pre-renal Failure
(renal artery) - CORRECT-ANSWERSSudden, serious drop in blood flow to the
kidneys
Heavy blood loss, an injury, or a bad infection called sepsis can reduce blood
flow to the kidneys. Not enough fluid in the body (dehydration) can also
harm the kidneys
*Burns, diarrhea, vomiting, hemmrhage, ischemia
Pre-renal azotemia - CORRECT-ANSWERSHigh level of nitrogenous waste in
the blood (BUN is the test for it)
Intra-renal (within kidney) - CORRECT-ANSWERSIntra- is contrast dye,
necrosis, (in the kidney. )Like when they're doing Intra- When they're doing
the barium test and it's not flushed out completely it'll cause damage within
the kidney
Post renal - CORRECT-ANSWERSSudden obstruction of urine flow due to
enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumors, or injury
In ureter, bladder, or prostate
Uremic Frost is seen in this
SLE What is it? and CM? - CORRECT-ANSWERSSystemic Lupus Erythematosus
Due to defect in immune system
Most common, complex, autoimmune disorder
(Chronic, inflammatory disease)
CM:
Joint Pain/Stiffness
Fatigue
Fever
Mouth ulcers
Red or Scaly rash
Hair loss
Homonymous Henianopsia - CORRECT-ANSWERSThe patient can only see
from half of their eye on the same side. Example: The left side of the eye for
BOTH eyes
, Turn plate for patient when they think they are done eating so they can see
it
Autoimmune disease - CORRECT-ANSWERSBody attacks itself for no reason
Gout - CORRECT-ANSWERSDeformity of Joint
Inflammation and pain in the joints
Uric acid crystalizes on joints in synovial fluid
Known as "Tophi"
Most prominent location ("great toe")
R.A. Risk factors - CORRECT-ANSWERSCause unknown
Pain worsens with rest
morning stiffness
O.A. Risk factors and tests for it? - CORRECT-ANSWERSJoint trauma
obesity
^ in age (more common in females
Improves with rest
gradual (happens over years)
Bow legged
Tests:
Arthroscopy
X-ray (best one)
CT scan
MRI
R.A. clinical manifestations - CORRECT-ANSWERS"Swan Hands"
Bouteneirre- (Nodules on fingers- joints swell and get big)
Autoimmune disorder (Body attacks joints) Pannus is the cause of it
Insidious onset (Pain starts an hour after you wake up)
Joint hurts (pain)
Pain worsens with rest
Morning stiffness
Rheumatoid factors ^ (Blood test could be indicator)
O.A. Clinical manifestations - CORRECT-ANSWERSPain worsens with activity
Stiffness (diminishes with activity
Enlargement of joint
tenderness
limited motion
deformity
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