Exam (elaborations)
2024 NR283 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - FINAL REVIEW EXAM 1 AND 2 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
- Course
- Institution
2024 NR283 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - FINAL REVIEW EXAM 1 AND 2 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
[Show more]
Content preview
2024 NR283 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY- FINAL REVIEW EXAM 1 AND 2
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
osteoporosis - CORRECT-ANSWERS*Decrease in bone mass and density*
*Forms:*
- Primary - Idiopathic
- Secondary - complication of another disorder
*Patho*
- Bone resorption exceeds formation.
- Results in loss of compact bone
*Signs and symptoms*
- Asymptomatic until fracture occur
- Can cause compression fractures of vertebrae, wrist, or hip
- Can lead to kyphosis and scoliosis
*Predisposing factors*
- Age 50+ years
- Decreased mobility or sedentary lifestyle
- Hormonal factors
-- Excess corticosteroids or parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-- Deficit of estrogen or testosterone
- Deficits of calcium, vitamin D, or protein
- Cigarette smoking
- Lower BMI
- Asian or European ancestry
- Excessive caffeine intake
osteoarthritis - CORRECT-ANSWERS*Degenerative—wear and tear joint
disease*
*Patho*
- Articular cartilage is damaged.
- Surface of cartilage becomes rough and worn
- Joint space becomes narrower.
- Secondary inflammation of surrounding tissue
,*Etiology*
- Primary form
-- weight-bearing, obesity, aging
- Secondary form
-- follows trauma or repetitive use
- Genetic factors thought to play a role
- Weight-bearing joints most frequently affected but finger joints also
involved
*Signs and symptoms*
- *Aching pain with weight-bearing and movement*
- *Joint movement is limited*
- *Predisposition to falls*
- Bony enlargement of distal interphalangeal joints--Heberden's node
- Crepitus
- No systemic signs or changes in serum levels.
- X ray evidence—joint changes
*more pain with activity*
rheumatoid arthritis - CORRECT-ANSWERS*Autoimmune disorder--systemic
inflammatory disease*
*Higher incidence in women, affects all age groups*
*Patho*
- Remissions and exacerbation lead to regressive damage to the joint.
- *Symmetric involvement of the small joints*
*The process of exacerbation*
- *Synovitis*
-- marked inflammation, cell proliferation
- *Pannus formation*
-- granulation tissue spreads.
- *Cartilage erosion*
-- creates unstable joint
- *Fibrosis*
-- calcifies and obliterates joint space
- *Ankylosis*
-- joint fixation and deformity develop if untreated
*Signs and symptoms*
- *Local signs*
-- Symmetric (bilateral) arthritis
-- Morning stiffness--stiffness is easy with activity
-- Joint movement is impaired by the swelling and pain
-- Contractures and deformity---boutonniere deformity
, - *Systemic signs are marked during exacerbation*
-- fatigue
-- malaise
-- anorexia
-- low-grade fever
*pain gets better with activity*
ankylosing spondylitis - CORRECT-ANSWERS*Chronic, progressive,
inflammatory condition*
*Affects sacroiliac joints, intervertebral spaces, costovertebral joints*
- More common in men age 20 to 40 years
- Cause unknown
*Local Signs*
- lower back pain
- morning stiffness
- pain when lying down
- spine becomes rigid
- Relieved by exercise
*Systemic signs*
- fatigue
- fever
- weight loss
- uveitis
gout - CORRECT-ANSWERS*Gouty arthritis*
*deposits of uric acid and crystals in the joint, causing inflammation*
*Common location*
- digital joint
*Risk factors*
- Renal excretion is not adequate
- Dietary factors
-- seafood
-- meat
-- alcohol
- Others: cancer patients, obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension
*Sign and symptoms*
- *Inflammation* causes redness, swelling, and pain.
- *increase in serum uric acid levels*
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Elitaa. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $18.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67096 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now