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HPEX 353 Chapter 9 questions with complete solutions
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HPEX 353 Chapter 9 questions with complete solutions
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HPEX 353 Chapter 9 questions withcomplete solutions
Compare and contrast three spine deformities - correct answer ✔✔Lordosis - abnormal inward
curvature of lumbar or lower spine. Sway-back. Obesity and osteoporosis can be contributing factor.
Physical therapy and exercises to strengthen abdominal muscles can decrease lordosis.
Kyphosis - abnormal outward curvature of upper thoracic vertebrae. Humpback or round back. Result of
collapsed vertebrae from years or poor posture, degenerative arthritis, or following a history of
neuromuscular conditions. Responds to therapeutic massage.
Scoliosis - abnormal sideward curvature of spine to either left or right. Some rotation of vertebral column
may also appear. Often detected when clothing seems longer on one side than the other. Or may notice
hips and shoulders appear uneven.
depends on site of herniation. severe back pain worsens with motion. Paresthesia and restricted neck
mobility common. Coughing, sneezing, or bending intensifies pain and discomfort. The sciatic nerve may
be painful with application of pressure. Sciatic pain may begin as full ache and progress to severe pain.
Bad leg cramp last for weeks before it goes away (sciatic) because herniated disk presses directly on
nerve roots that become the sciatic nerve.
Diagnostic: client history. Confirmed if patient complains of sciatic pain when a straight-leg-raising test.
spinal x-rays, CT scans, and MRI may be ordered to confirm and determine level of herniation.
Myelography (show point of spinal compression caused by herniated disk) - correct answer ✔✔Identify
the common symptoms of intervertebral disk herniation and how it is diagnosed
Discuss how osteoporosis can be prevented - correct answer ✔✔Calcium-rich diet. Premenopausal
women at least 1,000mg calcium and 800mg vitamin D daily. Women over 65 increase calcium to at least
1.500 mg daily. Person at risk may need to take more calcium and vitamin and exercise 20min daily. DEXA
screening recommended for women 65+.
Describe the etiology of osteomyelitis - correct answer ✔✔Acute or chronic infection of bone-forming
tissue. Infections characterized by inflammation, edema, and circulatory congestion of bone marrow. Pus
may form and sustained inflammatory pressure may cause fracturing of small pieces of bone. Begins as
acute infection but may evolve into chronic condition. Common in children, especially boys.
, Etiology: most often caused by trauma resulting in hematoma formation and acute bacterial infection,
particularly staphylococcus aureus. Viruses and fungi elsewhere in the body may cause. Infectious
microorganisms reach bone marrow through blood or by spreading from infected adjacent tissue; they
can be induced directly into bone tissue following physical trauma or surgery. Commonly affects long
bones of arms and legs. Spine and pelvis possible. Diabetes mellitus may be predisposing bc poor
circulation, as may prosthetic hardware within bone. Individuals on hemodialysis, those with removed
spleen, and those who illegally inject drugs are also high risk.
Explain Paget Disease and the four methods of treatment - correct answer ✔✔Chronic metabolic
skeletal disease. Initial phase: high rate of bone turnover. Bone rapidly resorbed and replaced with bone
of coarse, irregular inconsistency. Affected bone becomes enlarged and thicker but more porous and
weaker. Later phase: replacement of normal bone marrow with highly vascular fibrous tissue. May occur
on one bone or numerous sites throughout spine, pelvis, femur, skull, and humerus. Occurs primarily in
men, 40+ and increases with age, roughly 1% of American adults.
Treatment:
1. Physical therapy to improve muscle strength
2. pharmacological therapy using biophosphates (suppress or reduce absorption by osterclasts) or
calcitonin (alternative to biophosphates). If can't respond to these, then acetaminophen or NSAIDs.
3. pain management with analgesics
4. surgery (repairing fractures and performing knee and/or hip replacements)
Complementary Therapy: heat massage and adequate levels of vitamin D and calcium
Differentiate and basically illustrate between the eight types of fractures - correct answer ✔✔closed
Simple Fracture - break in bone with no external wound to skin
Open or compound fracture - break in bone which there is an open wound leading down to site of
fracture or in which a piece of broken bone protrudes through skin
Simple fracture - break in rib that is broken into two parts; likely occur from blow or direct shock to the
thorax
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