Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules - CORRECT ANSWERS-Arteries branch continually,
becoming smaller vessels called arterioles. They finally become capillaries. Capillaries
are neither arteries nor veins. Instead, they are an exchange vessel who's walls are a
few cell layers thick and allow exchange of products across the vessel wall. After the
exchanges takes place the vessels begin to get bigger again and are now considered
part veins though small ones are venules. They then become larger and larger veins
until they return to the heart. Capillaries are the smallest, thinnest-walled vessels of the
cardiovascular system.
Asystole - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lack of heart activity. Flatline of ECG.
Ateries - CORRECT ANSWERS-Carry blood AWAY from the heart. They have thicker
walls because they experience greater pressure exerted upon them with each pump of
the heart. Arteries seem to be more internal in the body than veins. Except for the
pulmonary artery, all carry oxygenated blood (though that is not the general definition, it
is based on the direction of blood flow). Combining form for artery is arteri/o. By either
increasing or decreasing vessel lumen size, resistance is either increased or decreased,
and so blood pressure is increased or decreased.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Providing artificial
ventilation, and chest compressions in attempt to save a patient's life.
Chambers - CORRECT ANSWERS-The heart is divided into four chambers, 2 above
and 2 below. It is further divided into left and right sides. The smallest, least muscular
chambers are the 2 above, the atria (atrium). The right and left sides of the heart are
divided by a wall called the septum. Venous blood is on the right side of the heart, and
Arterial blood is on the left side. Venous blood is the blood that is returning to the heart
from body tissues after it has used the oxygen and nutrients in it and has transferred
carbon dioxide (CO2) into it. It enters the heart in the Right Atrium first. All blood will be
drawn as blue on the right side of the heart when seen on diagrams. Blood on the left
, side of the heart will be drawn in red to indicate it is blood carrying Oxygen (O2) after
returning from the lungs. The ventricles, the bottom 2 chambers, are the larger and
more muscular of the cardiac (heart) chambers. The ventricles are the big pumping
chambers. They are also separated from one another by the septum. They are
separated from the atria above them by valves that act like one-way valves for the blood
to flow from the atria into the ventricles. The biggest chamber is the Left Ventricle, it is
the last chamber before blood leaves the heart and heads off to the body to provide
freshly oxygenated blood to all the body's tissue. Because blood from the left ventricle
must travel the farthest, through the body, the myocardium making up the walls of that
chamber is thickest here. It is the myocardium of the left ventricle that forms the famous
cardiac apex (the point of the heart).
Common Pulse Points of Domestic Animals - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. Femoral
(fem′or-al) artery: The femoral artery lies on the medial aspect of the proximal hindlimb
(i.e., medial to the femur). It is probably the most frequently used pulse point in dogs
and cats. Like the brachial artery, the femoral artery serves as an important pressure
point for the hindlimb.
2. Sublingual (sub-ling′gwal) artery: The sublingual artery is located on the ventral
midline of the tongue. It is a commonly used pulse point in anesthetized animals.
3. Median artery: The median artery is located near the midline of the palmar aspect of
the metacarpus. It is readily palpated in dogs and cats.
4. Dorsal common digital (dij′ĭ-tal) artery: The dorsal common digital artery is located on
the dorsal aspect of the metacarpus, coursing across the metacarpus at a mediolateral
oblique angle. It is easily palpated in dogs and cats.
5. Dorsal pedal artery: The dorsal pedal artery is located on the dorsal midline of the
metatarsus. It is frequently used for pulse and blood pressure determination in dogs and
cats.
Congestion - CORRECT ANSWERS-Accumulation of fluid.
CRT - CORRECT ANSWERS-Capillary refill time - indicates how well blood is perfusing
the tissues, that is the rate of return of colour to oral mucous membranes after applying
firm pressure.
Edema - CORRECT ANSWERS-Accumulation of fluid in intercellular spaces.
Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Measures changes in
voltage of the heart and graphs them out.
Endocardium - CORRECT ANSWERS-The interior of the cardiac chambers is lined with
endocardium, an endothelial tissue.
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