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Exam 1 Patho- NURS 8022/151 Q’s and A’s

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Exam 1 Patho- NURS 8022/151 Q’s and A’s

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  • October 22, 2024
  • 11
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • Patho- NURS 8022
  • Patho- NURS 8022
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Nursephil2023
Exam 1 Patho- NURS 8022/151 Q’s and
A’s
Negative Feedback - -Promotes stability; cancels out the original response.
Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas

-Positive Feedback - -Promotes a change in one direction; instability,
DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet cascade

-Proteins - -Provide selectivity to a membrane

-Integral proteins - -channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second
messengers

-Peripheral proteins - -Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors

-ATP - -Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd
and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy

-Simple/passive diffusion - -Occurs down a concentration gradient; from
HIGH to LOW concentration

-Simple/passive diffusion - -Diffuse from high to lower pressure; diffusion
will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule

-Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion - -1. Concentration difference
(high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane
matters TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)

-Osmosis - -Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of
low solute concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low
FLUID)

-Primary Active Transport - -Molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a
concentration; DIRECT USE OF ENERGY

-Secondary Active Transport - -Trasport is driven by the energy STORED in
the concentration gradient of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF
ENERGY

-Na+- K+ ATPase - -Carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of alll
cells; enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to release energy

, -Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy

-Ca2+ ATPase - -Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration

-H+ ATPase - -- Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and
intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold

-Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump - -sodium is pumped out of the cell;
potassium is pumped in...

-Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport - -Co-transport: Substance is
transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+)

-Counter transport - -Substance is transported in the opposite direction as
the driver ion Na+

-How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility? - -Increase
intracellular Ca2+

-ungated Ion Channels - -determined by size, shape, distribution of charge

-Gated Ion Channels - --volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent Na+ channels)
-Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)

-Ion Channels - -Conductance depends on probability that channel is open.

-Equilibrium Potential - -the diffusion potential that exactly balances or
opposes the tendency for diffusion down the concentration difference.

-If a membrane were permeable to only K+ then... - -K+ would diffuse down
its concentration gradient until the electrical potential across the membrane
countered diffusion. (moving from inside the cell down its concentration
gradient to the outside of the cell).

-Potassium Nernst Potential - -Also called equilibrium potential; if the
membrane were only permeate to K+; the Vm would be -94mv.

-Sodium Nernst Potential - -If the membrane were only permeable to Na+
then the Vm would be +61mv.

-The Goldman Hodgkin Katz Equation - -The resting membrane potential is
closest to the equilibrium potential for the ion with the highest permeability!

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