NURS 8022: Final Exam - M/S /Questions with
Verified Answers (Musculoskeletal System - Phys
and Pathophys)
Axial skeleton - -Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib
cage, and vertebral column; 80 bones
-Appendicular skeleton - -bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and
lower extremities; 126 bones
-osteoblasts - -bone forming cells; bone is shaped according to function;
derived from mesenchymal cells; produce osteocalcin when stimulated by
vitamin D
-osteoclasts - -Bone-destroying cells, break down bone matrix for
remodeling and the release of calcium; large and multinucleated
-osteocytes - -a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded
in the matrix it has secreted; maintain bone by signaling osteoblasts and
osteoclasts to form and resorb bone
-Compact bone - -Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer
membrane of a bone; cortical bone; 85% of the skeleton; solid and strong;
haversian system is basic structural unit in compact bone
-Spongy bone - -Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found
just inside the layer of compact bone; cancellous bone; 15% of the skeleton;
filled with red bone marrow; lack haversian system; trabeculae: plates or
bars instead
-bone remodeling - -ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone
tissue
-isometric muscle contraction - -a static contraction that generates muscle
tension but does not result in body movement
-isotonic muscle contraction - -muscle changes in length with no change in
tension
-Aging and the Musculoskeletal System - -bone remodeling, osteoporosis;
postural changes and decreased height because of shortening of the
vertebral column due to loss of water content and thinning of the vertebral
discs; contour changes due to loss of fat in the body periphery; bony
prominences become more marked
-Complete fracture - -bone is broken all the way through
-incomplete fracture - -bone is not broken all the way through but still in
one piece
-comminuted fracture - -bone breaks into many fragments
-linear fracture - -the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone
-oblique fracture - -fracture of the shaft of the bone is slanted
-spiral fracture - -a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
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