Broca's Area ✔✔Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the
left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
-Speech motor area (expressive)
-located only in the left side of the brain in 90% of
people -can be flipped with left -handed people
Wernike's Area ✔✔language comprehension
-located in the left hemisphere in 90% of people
-important for understanding language including: verbal sign and written language
-corresponding area contralaterally responsible for interpretation of nonverbal communication
-damage results in receptive aphasia (
Parietal Lobe ✔✔A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information
about touch.
,-perception
-processing of sensation
-spatial awareness
Somatosensory Cortex
-Sensory Homunculus ✔✔area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body
touch and movement sensations (Brodmann area 1,2, 3a and 3b)
-located on the postcentral gyrus
-perceives pain, temperature, pressure
-touch, vibration, and proprioception
Parietotemporal Association Cortex ✔✔located:
-posterior and inferior portion of the parietal lobe
-overlaps parietal and temporal lobe
-involved in abstract thought, reading and writing
-mathematics, spatial perception
-understanding written language (angular gyrus)
Occipital Lobe ✔✔A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
-receiving visual input from the contralateral visual field
Damage results in:
-hemianopsia: injury on one side
-cortical blindness : bilateral injury
,-qudrantanopia: anopia affecting a quarter of the field of vision. (describes defects confined mostly to
approximately one-fourth of an eye's visual space)
Visual Association Area (Occipital Lobe) ✔✔Located anterior to the primary visual cortex
Responsible for:
-interpretation of visual stimuli (spatial perception & recognition of faces)
Damage results in:
-visual agnosia: the patient can see the item however they can not recognize it
Temporal Lobe ✔✔An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the temples that is
the primary receiving area for auditory information
-limbic system (responsible for emotion & memory)
-auditory system
-olfactory system
-facial recognition
Aphasia (3 types) ✔✔A language disorder that affects a person's ability to communicate.
-Expressive aphasia - you know what you want to say, but you have trouble saying or writing what you
mean.
-Receptive aphasia - you hear the voice or see the print, but you can't make sense of the words.
-Global aphasia - you can't speak, understand speech, read, or write
Primary Olfactory Cortex ✔✔responsible for awareness and identification of an odor
Damage results in:
-Anosmia: loss of smell bilaterally (deficits in taste with patient exhibiting decreased appetite and
weight loss . known to cause safety issue with gas leaks
Amygdala ✔✔-two bean shaped clusters, one located in each hemisphere of the brain, considered to
be part of the brain's limbic system. This is where emotions are given meaning, remembered, and
attached to associations and responses to them (emotional memories)
-small almond shaped structure on the medial side of the temporal lobe
, involved in:
-processing and consolidating memory
-autonomic responses associated with fear
-emotional responses (fight-or flight) anger, sadness and controlling of agression
Hippocampus ✔✔a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories
for storage
-involved in the creation of new long-term memories
Damage results in
-Anterograde Amnesia: bilateral damage results in the inability to establish new long-term memories
Basal Ganglia ✔✔a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements
-initiation and inhibition of movement
-initiation of thought
-initiation of emotion
-plays an important role in motor control
-directs actions of all motor tracts
-Parkinson's disease is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic innervation in the basal ganglia leading to
complex motor and non-motor symptoms.
Brainstem ✔✔The oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival
functions. -Controls: heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, eye movement, hearing, speech, swallowing
-responsible for autonomic survival and function
Pons ✔✔A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the
brain -the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus -largest
portion of the brainstem
-motor nerve fibers connect motor areas of the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord and allow voluntary
movement
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