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PNB 2274 Final Exam Review Questions and Answers 100% Solved

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PNB 2274 Final Exam Review Questions and Answers 100% Solved anatomy - how does it look? physiology - what does it do? gross anatomy - structures you can see with the naked eye microscopic anatomy - structures you can only see with magnification, cells/ tissues anatomy position - standing up...

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  • October 22, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • PNB 2274
  • PNB 2274
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PNB 2274 Final Exam Review Questions

and Answers 100% Solved


anatomy - ✔✔how does it look?

physiology - ✔✔what does it do?

gross anatomy - ✔✔structures you can see with the naked eye

microscopic anatomy - ✔✔structures you can only see with magnification,

cells/ tissues

anatomy position - ✔✔standing upright, palms facing out, feet on the floor,

facing forward

anterior - ✔✔orientation term, front

posterior - ✔✔orientation term, back

ventral - ✔✔orientation term, front (animal)

dorsal - ✔✔orientation term, back (animal)

medial - ✔✔orientation term, towards the middle

lateral - ✔✔orientation term, towards the side

,©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.

proximal - ✔✔orientation term, close to

distal - ✔✔orientation term, far from

coronal plane - ✔✔frontal plane

transverse plane - ✔✔horizontal plane

midsaggital plane - ✔✔middle plane

homeostasis - ✔✔the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal

environment, though the external environment changes

reflex control - ✔✔long distance control of homeostasis, using either neural

or hormonal signals

local control - ✔✔control of homeostasis at a cellular level, isolated

changes in a few cells or a tissue (i.e. environment of the cell, fluid level,

etc)

input, controller, output - ✔✔3 major components of homeostatic

mechanism

input - ✔✔the signal of the homeostatic mechanism; something is changing

and needs to be adjusted; stimulus detected by a sensor

,©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.

controller - ✔✔aka integrating center, makes a decision about what to do

about the stimulus, often the CNS

output - ✔✔in homeostatic mechanism, this signal is how the correction is

made. Needs a target or effector

set point - ✔✔in homeostatic mechanisms, this range determines what is

within healthy boundaries. A high enough error will result in an output. Can

be modified (i.e. fever to combat infection)

insulin - ✔✔lowers blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis

glucagon - ✔✔increases blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis

negative feedback - ✔✔feedback loops that works to return the state of the

organism back to the set point. Maintains homeostasis by counteracting

disruption. Self terminating

Positive feedback - ✔✔feedback loops that amplify the stimulus, output is

fed back into the system to increase output. These do not shut themselves

off, require outside factors

positive feedback - ✔✔Hormone control during childbirth, lactation, and

blood clotting are examples of this type of feedback

, ©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.

negative feedback - ✔✔glucose levels, heart rate, etc. are examples of this

type of feedback

phospholipid bilayer - ✔✔composed of hydrophobic tails and heads; fluid

mosaic; forms the plasma membrane. Serves as a physical barrier,

gateway for exchange, communication, and attachment site

passive transport - ✔✔transport that requires no extra energy; movement

occurs randomly from areas of high concentration to low concentration

active transport - ✔✔transport that requires energy typically in the form of

ATP; molecules are moved from areas of low concentration to high

concentration, AGAINST concentration gradient

simple diffusion - ✔✔random motion of molecules in solution that results in

spread of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

Net movement until the concentrations are equal. Can occur in open

system or across partition (plasma membrane)

flux - ✔✔how much does a concentration drop over a distance; overall flow

Fick's Law - ✔✔describes the movement of molecules in 1 dimension. The

overall flow is the negative of the product of the diffusion coefficient and

concentration gradient

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