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NBME Pharmacology Review Exam Questions and Answers
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NBME Pharmacology Review Exam Questions and Answers
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NBME Pharmacology Review ExamQuestions and Answers
Define iiKm iiin iiMM iikinetics: ii- iiAnswers ii-The iiconcentration iiof iisubstrate ii[S] iiat iiwhich
ii1/2 iiVmax iiis iireached
Km iiis ii_________ iirelated iito iiaffinity iiof iithe iienzyme iifor iiits iisubstrate ii- iiAnswers ii-
inversely
Vmax iiis iidirectly iiproportional iito iiwhat? ii- iiAnswers ii-to iithe iienzyme iiconcentration
What iicharacterizes iiMM iikinetics? ii- iiAnswers ii-a iihyperbolic iicurve iiwhen iiVmax iiis
iiplotted iiagainst ii[S]. iiMost iienzymes iifollow iiMM iikinetics.
Enzymatic iireactions iidemonstrated iia iisigmoid iicurve iiusually iidenote: ii- iiAnswers ii-
cooperative iibinding ii/ iikinetics, iiie iihemoglobin
In iithe iilineweaver-burk iiplot, iihow iiis iithe iiy-intercept iirelated iito iiVmax? iiWhat iidoes iithe
iislope iiof iithe iiline iiequal? iiThe iiy-intercept? iiThe iix-intercept? ii- iiAnswers ii-They're
iiinversely iirelated. iiThe iislope iiof iithe iiline iiis iiequal iito iiKm/Vmax iiwhile iithe iiy-intercept
iiis iiequal iito ii1/Vmax. iiThe iix-intercept iiis iiequal iito ii1/-Km.
In iithe iiL-B iiplot, iiif iithe iix-intercept iiis iicloser iito ii0, iiwhat iidoes iithat iimean? ii- iiAnswers ii-
x-intercept ii= ii1/-Km. iiSo iiif iiit iiis iicloser iito ii0, iiKm iiis iigreater iiand iiaffinity iiis iilower
In iithe iiL-B iiplot, iihow iiare iicompetitive iiand iinon-competitive iiinhibitors iiexpressed iiwith
iirespect iito iione iianother? ii- iiAnswers ii-competitive iiinhibitors' iilines iicross iieachother
iicompetitively iiwhereas iinon-competitive iido iinot.
What iiare iisome iikey iidifferences iibetween iicompetitive iiand iinon-competitve iiinhibitors?
ii- iiAnswers ii-competitive=reversible iior iiirreversible. iinon-competitive=irreversible.
iicompetitive iimay iibe iiovercome iiby iia iihigher ii[S] iiwhereas iinoncompetitive iior
iiirreversible iicompetitive iimay iinot iibe iiovercome. iiNoncompetitive iiinhibitors iido iinot
iiresemble iisubstrate, iiand iithey iido iinot iibind iithe iiactive iisite iilike iithe iiother iitwo.
iiReversible iicompetitive iihas iino iieffect iion iiVmax iiwhereas iithe iiother iitwo iilower iiit.
iiConversely, iireversible iicompetitive iiincreases iithe iiKm iiwhereas iithe iiother iitwo iihave
iino iieffect iion iiKm. iipharmacodynamically, iireversible iicompetitive iiinhibitors iilower
iipotency iiwhereas iithe iiother iitwo iilower iiefficacy.
Define iipharmacokinetics: ii- iiAnswers ii-The iieffects iiof iithe iibody iion iithe iidrug. iiADME.
,Define iipharmacodynamics: ii- iiAnswers ii-Effects iiof iithe iidrug iion iithe iibody. iiIncludes
iireceptor iibinding, iidrug iiefficacy, iidrug iipotency iiand iidrug iitoxicity
Define iiBioavailability ii(F): ii- iiAnswers ii-The iifraction iiof iithe iiadministered iidrug iiwhich
iireaches iisystemic iicirculation iiunchanged. iiFor iian iiIV iidose, iithe iiF=100%. iiOrally iiit iiis
iitypically iiless iibecause iiof iiincomplete iiabsorption iiand ii/ iior iiFPHM.
Define iiVolume iiof iiDistribution ii(Vd): ii- iiAnswers ii-The iitheoretical iivolume iioccupied iiby
iithe iitotal iiabsorbed iidrug iiamount iiat iithe iiplasma iiconcentration.
Apparent iiVd iiof iiplasma iiprotein: ii- iiAnswers ii-bound iidrugs iican iibe iialtered iiby iiliver
iiand iikidney iidisease ii(low iiprotein iibinding, iihigh iiVd). iiVd=amount iiof iidrug iiin iibody ii/
iiplasma iiconcentration iiof iidrug
Where iiis iiVd iilow? ii- iiAnswers ii-In iiblood. ii4-8L. iiDrug iitypes: iilarge ii/ iicharged
iimolecules, iiplasma iiprotein iibound.
Where iiis iiVd iimedium? ii- iiAnswers ii-ECF. iiSmall iihydrophilic iimolecules.
Where iiis iiVd iihigh? ii- iiAnswers ii-All iitissues iiincluding iifat. iiSmall iilipophilic iimolecules,
iiespecially iiif iibound iito iitissue iiprotein.
What iiis iithe iiequation iifor iihalf-life? ii- iiAnswers ii-T1/2= ii.693 iix iiVd ii/ iiCL.
T1/2 iiis iia iiproperty iiof ii_______ iiorder iielimination ii- iiAnswers ii-first
How iimany iihalf iilives iidoes iiit iitake iifor iia iidrug iiadministered iias iia iiconstant iiinfusion iito
iireach iisteady iistate? ii- iiAnswers ii-4-5
How iimany iihalf iilives iidoes iiit iitake iifor iia iidrug iiadministered iias iia iiconstant iiinfusion iito
iireach ii90% iiof iisteady iistate? ii- iiAnswers ii-3.3
Define iiclearance ii(CL): ii- iiAnswers ii-The iivolume iiof iiplasma iicleared iiof iia iidrug iiduring
iia iigiven iitime iiunit.
Under iiwhat iicircumstances iimay iiclearance iibe iiimpaired? ii- iiAnswers ii-cardiac, iihepatic
iior iirenal iidefects
What iiis iithe iiequation iifor iiclearance? ii- iiAnswers ii-CL=rate iiof iielimination iiof iidrug ii/
iiplasma iidrug iiconcentration. iiThis iiis ii= iiVd iix iiKe ii(elimination iiconstant)
How iido iiyou iicalculate iiloading iidose? ii- iiAnswers ii-= iiCp iix iiVd ii/ iiF ii(where iiCp=target
iiplasma iiconcentration iiat iisteady iistate)
How iido iiyou iicalculate iimaintenance iidose? ii- iiAnswers ii-= iiCp iix iiCL iix iiT ii/ iiF
ii(T=tau=dose iiinterval, iior iitime iibetween iidoses, iiif iiit iiis iinot iiadministered iicontinuously)
, What iihappens iito iiloading iiand iimaintenance iidoses iiduring iirenal iiand iiliver iidisease? ii-
iiAnswers ii-maintenance iidose iiis iilowered iiwhereas iiloading iidose iiremains iiunchanged
Time iito iisteady iistate iidepends iiprimarily iion ii_____ iiand iiis ii_____ iiof iidose iiand
iidosing iifrequency ii- iiAnswers ii-T1/2 ii; iiindependent
Zero iiorder iielimination: iiDefinition iiand iiexamples iiof iidrugs iithat iifollow ii- iiAnswers ii-
Rate iiof iielimination iiis iiconstant iiregardless iiof iiCp. ii(constant iiAMOUNT iiof iidrug). iiCp
iidecreases iilinearly iiwith iitime. iiPhenytoin, iiethanol, iiaspirin ii(at iihigh iior iitoxic
iiconcentrations). ii**Capacity-limited iielimination**
First-order iielimination: ii- iiAnswers ii-rate iiof iielim iidirectly iiproportional iito iithe iidrug
iiconcentration. ii(constant iiFRACTION iiof iidrug iiper iiunit iitime). iiCp iilowers
iiexponentially iiwith iitime. ii**flow-dependent iielimination**
What iiforms iiof iidrugs iiare iitrapped iiin iiurine iiand iicleared iiquickly? ii- iiAnswers ii-ionized
iispecies
What iiforms iiof iidrugs iimay iibe iireabsorbed? ii- iiAnswers ii-neutral iispecies
What iiare iisome iiexamples iiof iidrugs iithat iiare iiweak iiacids? iiWhat iiare iithe iiimplications
iiof iia iidrug iibeing iia iiweak iiacid iion iiits iielimination iivia iiurine? iiHow iican iiyou iitreat iian
iioverdose iiof iithese iidrugs? ii- iiAnswers ii-phenobarbital, iimtx, iiaspirin. iiThese iiare
iitrapped iiin iibasic iienvironments. iiTreat iioverdose iiwith iibicarbonate.
What iiare iisome iiexamples iiof iidrugs iithat iiare iiweak iibases? iiWhat iiare iithe
iiimplications iifor iielimination? iiHow iido iiyou iitreat iian iioverdose? ii- iiAnswers ii-
amphetamines. iiThese iiare iitrapped iiin iiacidic iienvironments. iiTreat iiwith iiammonium
iichloride.
Phase iiI iiof iidrug iimetabolism: ii- iiAnswers ii-redox, iihydrolysis iiwith iicytp450 iiyielding
iiSLIGHTLY iipolar, iiwater-soluble iimetabolites ii(still iiactive iiusually)
What iipatients iifirst iilose iiphase iiI? ii- iiAnswers ii-geriatric iipatients
Phase iiII iiof iidrug iimetabolism: ii- iiAnswers ii-CONJUGATION ii(glucuronidation,
iiacetylation, iisulfation) iiusually iiyielding iiVERY iiPOLAR, iiINACTIVE iimetabolites
ii(renally iiexcreted). iiGeriatric iipatients iihave iiphase iiII.
What iihappens iiin iipatients iiwho iiare iislow iiacetylators? ii- iiAnswers ii-greater iiside
iieffects iifrom iidrugs iibecause iiof iilowered iirate iiof iimetabolism iiof iidrugs.
Define iiefficacy: ii- iiAnswers ii-the iimaximal iieffect iia iidrug iican iiproduce
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