UCSD PSYCHOLOGY 1 Ch 1&2 Exam Questions & Answers 2024/2025
F. Donders () - ANSWERS-Dutch ophthalmologist
-1st cognitive psychology experiments
-Mental processes cannot be measured directly, but can be inferred from behavior (which can be measured with RT or error rates)
-Simple RT task:...
F. Donders (1818-1889) - ANSWERS-Dutch ophthalmologist
-1st cognitive psychology experiments
-Mental processes cannot be measured directly, but can be inferred from behavior (which can be
measured with RT or error rates)
-Simple RT task: push button quickly after light appears
Choice RT task: push right button if light is right side and left button if light is on left side
Reaction Time task experiments - ANSWERS-F. Donders
Choice RT - Simple RT = Time to identify stimulus & select response
500ms - 350ms = 150ms
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) - ANSWERSStudied human vision
¤ Considered vision "rather poor"
¤ Concluded: vision must be the result of some form of unconscious inference
-Using incomplete data & prior experience
² Visual perception is the result of automatic processes beyond our control
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) - ANSWERS"father of experimental psychology"
¤ Founds first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879
¤ Emphasis on rigorous scientific study and experimentation
Wundt's fundamental theory:
Feelings and sensations are the "elements" of experience
Believed that behavior was motivated and attention focused for a purpose - Voluntarism
Schools of Thought - Structuralism - ANSWERSEdward Titchener (1867-1927)
, ¤ Student of Wundt, immigrated to US
¨ Attempts to describe the structures, or basic elements, that compose the mind - sensations, feelings,
and thoughts
All about describing experiences but not trying to understand or control them.
No feasible way existed to check the accuracy of their observations
"merely describe human thought, not understand it"
Schools of Thought - Functionalism - ANSWERSWilliam James (1842-1910)
¤ "Father of American psychology"
He was interested in how the mind functions: how and why it produces behaviors, not its composition
Functionalism:
¤ Used multiple research methods
¤ Highlighted differences among individuals
¤ Focused on what the mind can and does accomplish (the BIG picture)
(e.g., how accurately can you localize sound?)
Schools of Thought - Gestalt Psychology - ANSWERSAnother backlash to Structuralism in Germany
¤ Rejected the idea that consciousness could be reduced to basic elements
¤ Focused on the big picture (Gestalt means "whole" or "form")
¤ Believed that the whole was greater than the sum of its parts
¤ Principals of human perception
Schools of Thought - Behaviorism - ANSWERS¨ Focus on measurable behaviors, not mental processes
¤ Can only study what you can directly observe
Classical Conditioning
¤ Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
n US (food) à UR (drooling)
n NS (tone) + US à UR (drooling)
n ... CS (tone) à CR (drooling)
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