Exam (elaborations)
JMU Psyc 160 - Exam 1 - Kondrad Questions And Answers Latest Update
- Course
- PSYC 160
- Institution
- James Madison University
JMU Psyc 160 - Exam 1 - Kondrad Questions And Answers Latest Update
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Solution 2024/2025Pepper
JMU Psyc 160 - Exam 1 - Kondrad Questions
And Answers Latest Update
Psychodynamic perspective ANS✔✔ -the approach based on the view that
behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual
has little control (blanket term for all psycho theories)
-Psychoanalytic theory, psychosexual theory, psychosocial theory
Psychoanalytic theory ANS✔✔ -Freud
-Suggests unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
-Three aspects of personality (Id, Ego, Superego)
Id aspect of personality ANS✔✔ Raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality
that is present at birth, operates on pleasure principle, goal to maximize
satisfaction (sexual, hunger, aggression)
Ego aspect of personality ANS✔✔ Part of personality that is rational and
reasonable, operates on reality principle, in which instinctual energy is
restrained in order to maintain safety and integrate into society
Superego aspect of personality ANS✔✔ Represents a person's conscience,
incorporating distinctions between right and wrong, which begins when a
child is taught
Psychosexual theory ANS✔✔ -Freud
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
-A series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or
gratification, focuses on a particular biological function and body part
(shifts from mouth, anus, genitals)
Fixation ANS✔✔ behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development due to
an unresolved conflict, thumb sucking
Psychosocial theory ANS✔✔ -Erikson
-The approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and
understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge and
understandings of one another, as well as our knowledge and understanding
of ourselves and members of society
-Developmental change occurs in eight stages
Behavioral perspective ANS✔✔ -the approach suggesting that the keys to
understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in
the environment
-Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, behavior modification, social-
cognitive learning theory
-Watson
Classical conditioning ANS✔✔ -a type of learning in which an organism
responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not
bring about that type of response
-ex. bit by dog, afraid of all dogs
Operant conditioning ANS✔✔ -Skinner
, Solution 2024/2025
Pepper
-a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or
weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences
-ex. a child is praised for good grades so they want good grades
Reinforcement ANS✔✔ in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens
the behavior it follows
Behavior modification ANS✔✔ the use of operant conditioning techniques to
bring about desired changes in behavior
Social-cognitive theory ANS✔✔ -Bandura
-Emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a
model
Cognitive perspective ANS✔✔ -The approach that focuses on the processes
that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world
-How ways of thinking affect behavior
-Includes Piaget's theory of cognitive development, information processing
approaches, cognitive neuroscience approaches
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development ANS✔✔ Growth in children's
understanding of the world can be explained by two basic principles,
assimilation and accommodation
Assimilation ANS✔✔ Process in which people understand a new experience
in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and existing ways
of thinking
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