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Biology 252 Exam 2 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

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Biology 252 Exam 2 Study Guide with Complete Solutions Describe the cells of the bone tissue - Ans:--Osteogenic cells -Osteoblasts -Osteocytes -Osteoclasts What membrane lines the internal canals and the small cavities of the compact and spongy bones? - Ans:-Endosteum What is the periosteum...

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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024

Biology 252 Exam 2 Study Guide with
Complete Solutions

Describe the cells of the bone tissue - Ans:✔✔--Osteogenic cells

-Osteoblasts

-Osteocytes

-Osteoclasts

What membrane lines the internal canals and the small cavities of the compact and spongy bones? -

Ans:✔✔-Endosteum

What is the periosteum composed of? - Ans:✔✔--Dense irregular connective tissue

-Collagen fibers

-Outer fibrous layer has fibroblasts

-Inner layer has progenitor cells that become osteoblasts

Describe the matrix of the bone tissue - Ans:✔✔--Stony matter surrounding osteocytes and lacunae

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-1/3 organic (collagen and protein-carb complex) and 2/3 inorganic (CaK, CaCO3...)

-gives bone flexibility and strength

-Minerals resist compression

-Collagen resists tension

Compare the function of the organic and the inorganic material in the bone matrix - Ans:✔✔--Inorganic

(minerals) resist compression

-Organic (protein-carb complex/collagen) resists tension

Why does calcification result in death of chondrocytes, while ossification does not result in death of

osteocytes? - Ans:✔✔-Chondroblasts are surrounded by cartilage matrix and receive oxygen and

nutrients by diffusion through the matrix. When the matrix becomes calcified, diffusion is reduced the

the point that the cells die. When osteoblasts form bone matrix, they connect to one another by their

cell processes. Thus, when the matrix is laid down, canaliculi are formed. Even though the ossified bone

matrix is dense and prevents significant diffusion, the osteocytes can receive gases and nutrients through

the canaliculi or by movement form one osteocyte to another.

Describe the process of endochondral ossification. - Ans:✔✔-1. Hyaline cartilage is covered with fibrous

perichondrium

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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024

2. In middle of cartilage (primary oss. center), chondrocytes die, and the thin wall calcify. Perichondrium

cells become osteoblasts and form bony collar-periosteum.

3. Blood vessels grow into primary oss. center. Osteoclasts come and hollow out calcified center (primary

marrow cavity). Osteoblasts come and deposit bone, thickening shaft. Second oss. center develops at

ends of bone.

4. Second oss. center hollows out secondary marrow cavity. Dividing line is formed-metaphysis.

5. Epiphyseal plate surrounding by metaphysis exists; enables bones to grow in length and width.

6. No more cartilage=no more room to grow; only cartilage is articular cartilage, which needs to stay

mushy

What is the effect of inadequate levels of calcium in the diet of an adult on the skeleton? - Ans:✔✔-Since

we need calcium for everything, the parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclast activity and breaks

down bones to release calcium. Bones become brittle and porous.

The epiphyseal cartilage becomes ossified in our youth. On the other hand, the articular cartilage does

not become ossified. Why is that advantageous? - Ans:✔✔-Growth of articular cartilage results in an

increase in the size of the epiphyses. This is only one of the functions of articular cartilage; it also forms a

smooth, resilient covering over the ends of the epiphyses within joints. Ossified articular cartilage could

not perform that function.

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