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NUR 339 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) EXAM 19 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (SOLVED)
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NUR 339 ( LATEST 2024 / 2025 ) EXAM 19 | QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (SOLVED)
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NUR 339 Exam 191. What are the first major phases of the cell cycle?
Answer
G1
cell prepares to make DNA
S phase
DNA synthesis actually takes place G2
prepares for mitosis
M phase
mitosis occurs 0
resting phase
2. In what phase of the cell cycle does mutation typically occur?
Answer
S phase
3. What are the stages of the cell cycle controlled by?
Answer
cyclins (a type of protein), and their inhibitors
4. What can defects in the cycle cycle contribute to?
Answer
the development of cancer
5. Characteristics of benign neoplasms
Answer
composed of well differentiated cells that resemble cells of tissues of organ
,slow growth rate
may become encapsulated usually do not cause death
6. Characteristics of malignant neoplasms
Answer
cancer atypical cell structure; abnormal nucleus and chromosomes
lose differentiation or resemblance to origin cell (more anaplastic) invade adjacent cells rather
than pushing aside
more blood supply than normal tissue
7. Spread of cancer
Answer
direct invasion and extension- local spread, mechanical lysis with enzymes
Seeding of CA cells in body cavities
8. How does cancer metastasize?
Answer
clumps of malignant cells can break off and travel thru blood to a new site(most are killed by
the body's defense)
in lymph nodes, cancer may die, grow into mass or remain dormant
9. What is a sentinel node?
Answer
initial lymph node to which the primary tumor drains
10. What is the original tumor called?
Answer
primary neoplasm
11. What is a metastatic site called?
Answer
secondary neoplasm
, 12. What is growth fraction?
Answer
ratio of dividing cells divided by G0 cells
13. What is doubling time?
Answer
time to double total mass of CA cells
14. Facts about GF and TD
Answer
they are very fast until tumor outgrows blood supply, then slows
maybe influenced by hormones
15. What are chemotherapeutic drugs more toxic to?
Answer
tissues that have a high growth fraction than a low growth fraction
16. Proto-oncogenes
Answer
normal genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation and are active for only a short time in
the cell cycle
17. Oncogenes
Answer
gene MUTATIONS which become cancer-causing genes; are active continuously and promote
unregulated, abnormal and disordered growth
18. Oncogenesis
Answer
Mechanism by which a normal cell is transformed into cancer cell by random genetic mutation or
mutation induced by exposure carcinogens
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