Where is the cauda equina found? - ANSWER between L4 & L5
Where are lumbar punctures performed? - ANSWER L3-L4 or L4-L5 levels
What can cause weakness? - ANSWER damage to upper motor neurons or
their projections (the corticospinal tract) or by damage to lower motor
neurons or their projections (the cranial nerves, spinal nerve roots, or
peripheral nerves).
What does diabetic small - ANSWER fiber neuropathy feel like? - sharp,
burning or shooting foot pain
What does large - ANSWER fiber neuropathy feel like? - numbness and
tingling or even no sensation at all
When would you see contralateral impacts from nerve damage? - ANSWER
when upper motor neuron system is damaged above their crossover in the
medulla
When would you see ipsilateral impairment from nerve damage? - ANSWER
when damage occurs below the crossover in the medulla
Does disease of the basal ganglia or cerebellar system cause paralysis? -
ANSWER no, but can be disabling.
Lesion in the sensory cortex may impair which function? - ANSWER fine
discrimination. ex. size, shape, or texture of an object by feeling it and
,wouldn't be able to discriminate the object
Lesion of the posterior columns - ANSWER loss of position and vibration
sense, with preservation of other sensations
Loss of all sensations from the waist down, together with paralysis and
hyperactive reflexes in the legs - ANSWER severe transvers damage to the
spinal cord.
Primary headaces include - ANSWER migraine, tension, cluster, trigeminal
autonomic cephalagias and chronic daily headaches
Secondary headaches - ANSWER arise from underlying structural, systemic,
or infection causes such as meningitis or subarachnoid hemorrhage and may
be life threatening.
Characteristics of subarachnoid hemorrhage - ANSWER presents as "the
worst headache of my life" with instantaneous onset.
Characteristics accompanying meningitis - ANSWER severe headache and
stiff neck
How long is the onset of postconcussion headache? - ANSWER Within 7 days
of the injury up to 3 month
How long can it take for postconcussion headache to resolve? - ANSWER up
to a year
Characteristics of mass lesion headaches (brain tumors or abscess) - ANSWER
Dull headache increased by coughing and sneezing, especially when recurring
in the same location
Atypical presentation of the pt's usual migraine may be suspicious for what?
- ANSWER a stroke, especially in women using hormonal contraceptives.
"POUND" features - ANSWER Pulsatile or throbbing; One-day duration, or
lasts 4 to 72 hours if untreated; Unilateral; Nausea or vomiting; Disabling or
intensity causing interruption of daily activity.
"POUND" features are seen in which type of headache? - ANSWER migraine
WHO recommends women age 35 and over avoid estrogen - ANSWER
progestin contraceptive when they have what? - migraines with aura
Changing position can help differentiate between sinusitis and mass lesions.
Define the differences. - ANSWER valsava with leaning forward will increase
pain from acute sinusitis. valsalva and lying down will increase pain from
mass lesions due to changing intracranial pressure.
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