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PNB 2274 Final Exam Review Questions and Answers
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PNB 2274 Final Exam Review Questions and Answers anatomy - Ans:-how does it look? physiology - Ans:-what does it do? gross anatomy - Ans:-structures you can see with the naked eye microscopic anatomy - Ans:-structures you can only see with magnification, cells/ tissues anatomy position - Ans:...

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  • October 24, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




PNB 2274 Final Exam Review Questions
and Answers


anatomy - Ans:✔✔-how does it look?


physiology - Ans:✔✔-what does it do?


gross anatomy - Ans:✔✔-structures you can see with the naked eye


microscopic anatomy - Ans:✔✔-structures you can only see with magnification, cells/ tissues


anatomy position - Ans:✔✔-standing upright, palms facing out, feet on the floor, facing forward


anterior - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, front


posterior - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, back


ventral - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, front (animal)


dorsal - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, back (animal)


medial - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, towards the middle



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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




lateral - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, towards the side


proximal - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, close to


distal - Ans:✔✔-orientation term, far from


coronal plane - Ans:✔✔-frontal plane


transverse plane - Ans:✔✔-horizontal plane


midsaggital plane - Ans:✔✔-middle plane


homeostasis - Ans:✔✔-the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment, though

the external environment changes


reflex control - Ans:✔✔-long distance control of homeostasis, using either neural or hormonal signals


local control - Ans:✔✔-control of homeostasis at a cellular level, isolated changes in a few cells or a

tissue (i.e. environment of the cell, fluid level, etc)


input, controller, output - Ans:✔✔-3 major components of homeostatic mechanism


input - Ans:✔✔-the signal of the homeostatic mechanism; something is changing and needs to be

adjusted; stimulus detected by a sensor




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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




controller - Ans:✔✔-aka integrating center, makes a decision about what to do about the stimulus, often

the CNS


output - Ans:✔✔-in homeostatic mechanism, this signal is how the correction is made. Needs a target or

effector


set point - Ans:✔✔-in homeostatic mechanisms, this range determines what is within healthy

boundaries. A high enough error will result in an output. Can be modified (i.e. fever to combat infection)


insulin - Ans:✔✔-lowers blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis


glucagon - Ans:✔✔-increases blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis


negative feedback - Ans:✔✔-feedback loops that works to return the state of the organism back to the

set point. Maintains homeostasis by counteracting disruption. Self terminating


Positive feedback - Ans:✔✔-feedback loops that amplify the stimulus, output is fed back into the system

to increase output. These do not shut themselves off, require outside factors


positive feedback - Ans:✔✔-Hormone control during childbirth, lactation, and blood clotting are

examples of this type of feedback


negative feedback - Ans:✔✔-glucose levels, heart rate, etc. are examples of this type of feedback




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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




phospholipid bilayer - Ans:✔✔-composed of hydrophobic tails and heads; fluid mosaic; forms the plasma

membrane. Serves as a physical barrier, gateway for exchange, communication, and attachment site


passive transport - Ans:✔✔-transport that requires no extra energy; movement occurs randomly from

areas of high concentration to low concentration


active transport - Ans:✔✔-transport that requires energy typically in the form of ATP; molecules are

moved from areas of low concentration to high concentration, AGAINST concentration gradient


simple diffusion - Ans:✔✔-random motion of molecules in solution that results in spread of molecules

from areas of high concentration to low concentration. Net movement until the concentrations are

equal. Can occur in open system or across partition (plasma membrane)


flux - Ans:✔✔-how much does a concentration drop over a distance; overall flow


Fick's Law - Ans:✔✔-describes the movement of molecules in 1 dimension. The overall flow is the

negative of the product of the diffusion coefficient and concentration gradient


Temperature, friction, area, membrane permeability, membrane thickness, concentration gradient -

Ans:✔✔-factors that affect the rate of diffusion


increased - Ans:✔✔-increased temperature results in ____________ rate of diffusion


decreased - Ans:✔✔-increased friction results in ___________ rate of diffusion




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